Efficacy of Oral Antigen Specific Immunotherapy on Desensitization of Some Autoimmune Diseases Associated with Milk Allergy ()
1. Introduction
Food allergy described as adverse immune responses was triggered by food proteins, which affect approximately 5% of young children and 3% to 4% of adults in the world and appear to have increased in prevalence and account for morbidity and mortality [1,2].
Cow’s milk is usually the first major food allergy with a prevalence ranging from 1 to about 7.5% [3]. The most important allergens in cow’s milk are α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, and casein [4]. Food-induced allergic reactions are responsible for a variety of symptoms and disorders involving the skin and gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts and can be attributed to IgE-mediated and non-IgE-mediated mechanisms [2,5].
A food elimination/challenge trial is a good and reliable way to confirm diagnosis of food allergy [6,7]. Research into the use of oral antigen-specific immunotherapy (OAIT) in the treatment of both allergic and autoimmune disease has increased dramatically since, although its mechanism of action is only slowly being unraveled. The treatment by OAIT makes tolerance for the disease and used for both allergic and autoimmune diseases [8].
Association between adult rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and milk allergy has previously been reported [9] additionally; previous studies demonstrated that milk allergy may induce rheumatoid arthritis [10].
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is the prototype of a systemic autoimmune disease and is characterized by the presence of multiple autoantibodies and circulating immune complexes. Especially antibodies to dsDNA (anti DNA) are specific for the disease, and changes in their levels are a sensitive tool for the detection of disease activity [11,12].
The present work aimed to clarify the validity of oral immunotherapy and milk elimination treatment interventions in patients with RA and SLE who had allergens for milk. In addition, the correlation between specific IgE and milk allergy, inflammation and disease markers has been investigated.
2. Subjects and Methods@NolistTemp#
2.1. Subjects
Twenty normal subjects (10 males and 10 females) their age ranged from 16 - 46 (30.0 ± 7.78) and 40 age matched allergic patients of both genders (12 males and 28 females) were included in this study. The patients were diagnosed as RA with milk allergy and SLE with milk allergy. The patients were selected out from the patients of the Allergy and Clinical Immunology Clinic at Ain Shams hospitals. They were surveyed throughout a period of three-years (2009-2012).
2.2. Written Consents
Discussion with the subjects regarding the benefits and hazards of the study was done and informed written consent was taken from each subject.
2.3. Study Groups
Group I: 20 normal control subjects. Group II: 20 rheumatic arthritis (RA) patients Group III: 20 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.
2.4. Clinical Studies and Routine Investigations
For each subject, the following investigations were conducted to exclude any concomitant disease that might cause allergy. a) Full data regarding family medical history, habitat, work place, duration of attack, and economic status; b) Physical examinations by an expert physician in the clinic; c) Urine and stool analysis, kidney and liver function tests, blood sugar analysis, and X-Ray examination.
2.5. Diagnostic Laboratory Investigations
Skin prick test, total IgE, Sp. IgE Milk, PIT%, CRP, ANA, DNA antibodies, IgG, C3 and C4.
2.6. Immunotherapy Treatment Technique
It was done according to [13,14].
Milk and its products were eliminated from patients’ diet throughout the period of milk vaccine treatment (6 months). All pervious investigations were being done before and after elimination and therapy. Blood samples were taken with or without anticoagulant for separation of whole blood and serum samples respectively from normal subjects as well as from patients.
2.7. Methods
Skin prick test: To confirm allergy to milk. Epicutaneous prick method was done using milk extracts according to [15]. Specific IgE test for milk: It was done for patients with positive skin prick test for milk according to the instruction of the manufacture of Micro plate Allergen specific IgE, RIDA SCREEN Spezifisches IgE, Germany [16,17]. Serum total IgE: Total IgE concentration was determined by using microplate enzyme immunoassay (Biocheck, Inc. 323 Vintage Park Dr. Foster City, CA 94404, USA) according to the method of [18]. Serum IgG: It was measured using immunodiffusion (Bioscientifica S.A Company) according to the method of [19]. Serum RF: it was done according to the methods of [20] using Human Gesellschaft fur, Biochemica und Diagnostica kit (mbH, D-65205 Wiesbaden-Germany). Serum CRP: It was determined according to the method of [21] using AGAPPE diagnostics Ltd. kit, (Dist. Emakulam, Kerala-683 562, India). PIT%: This test allows the quantitative determination of leukocyte phagocytosis in buffy coat of heparinized blood. It depends on histamine inhibition to phagocytes [22]. ANA and anti-ds DNA: ANAs in patient samples were assessed by commercial ANA assays in accordance with the instructions of the manufacturer of Euroimmun, Medizinische Labor-diagnostika, (AG, 23560, Lübeck, Germany) and for anti-dsDNA of Euroimmun, Mediz-inische, Labor-diagnostika (AG, 23,560, Lübek, Germany) according to the method of [23]. C3 and C4: Radial Immuno diffusion for the accurate quantitative determination of C3 and C4 in serum was done according to [24] using Bioscientifica S.A. Statistical analysis: Data were analyzed using the SPSS program Version 15 as follows: p value 0.05 was chosen as the level of statistical significance. p value > 0.05 is insignificant; p value < 0.05 is significant; p value <0.01 is highly significant.
3. Results
Results in Table 1 showed that in RA group and SLE group as compared to the control group, pretreatment serum levels of Sp. IgE and total IgE were significantly increased (p < 0.001) with % change values for RA group 300.74 and 255.58 & for SLE group 291.34 and 235.23 while serum levels of IgG and PIT% were significantly decreased (p < 0.001) with % change values for RA group −26.43 and −32.53 & for SLE group −34.26 and −33.39. On the other hand as compared to the post treatment serum levels, Sp.IgE and total IgE were significantly decreased (p < 0.001) with % change values for RA group −30.26 and −42.58 & for SLE group −50.00 and −49.93 while serum levels of IgG and PIT% were significantly increased (p < 0.001) with % change values for RA group 77.56 and 31.63 & for SLE group 98.28 and 31.52.
Results in Table 2 showed that in RA group and SLE group as compared to the control group, pretreatment
Table 1. Levels of Sp. IgE, Total IgE, IgG, and PIT in the different studied groups.
serum levels of RF, CRP, ANA and anti-ds DNA were significantly increased (p < 0.001) with % change values for RA group 1170.23, 771.79, 110.53, 102.21 & for SLE group 171.43, 833.33, 952.63, 877.27.Serum levels of C3 was significantly decreased (p < 0.001) in RA group with % change values −29.91 while both C3 and C4 levels were significantly decreased in SLE group (% change: −67.51 and −55.50). On the other hand as compared to the post treatment serum levels, RF, CRP, ANA, anti-ds DNA were significantly decreased (p < 0.001) with % change values for RA group −65.52, −65.05, −25.62, −13.45 & for SLE group −5.26, −62.30, −58.75, −66.57. Whereas serum levels of C3 and C4 were significantly increased p < 0.001 with % change values for RA group 20.57 and 12.39 & for SLE group 102.24 and 64.26.
Results in Table 3 showed there was a good correlations between Sp. IgE and each parameter in the different studied groups.
4. Discussion
In the current study (Table 1) the significant increase in the levels of Sp. IgE and total IgE in RA patient group before OAIT as compared to the control values confirmed diagnosis of milk allergen and the severity of allergy due to milk allergen. This agreed with the results of some authors [2,25] and supported by others [26]
Table 2. Levels of RF, CRP, ANA, anti DNA, C3 and C4 in the different studied groups.
where they found that Sp. IgE antibodies can be used for diagnosis, prognosis, and follow up of patients with allergy-like symptoms and that high levels of casein-s IgE antibodies are strongly associated with milk allergy in children and might be associated with prolonged allergy. Also [4] found that the elevation of total IgE as a result of allergy may be due to extrinsic factors which increase the concentration of allergic antibodies of total IgE, leading to increase the severity of allergy. Furthermore a significant (p < 0.001) positive correlation was observed in the present results (r = 0.77) between specific IgE and total IgE suggested that a pattern of allergen-specific IgE sensitization occurs in relation to total IgE concentration as reported by [27]. Also in the current results (Table 2, Gr11) the highly elevated levels of RF as compared to the control group confirmed the diagnosis of RA as reported by [28]. Lower levels of IgG in the RA group before therapy than that of the control group clinically consider to be indicative of an individual’s immune status as stated by [29]. The observed significant decrease in the mean PIT % in RA group when compared to the control group was in agreement with [30] who reported an inflammation by histamine which inhibits the phagocytosis, and leads to reduction in immunoresistant. In the same time the observed significant elevations in the mean CRP levels before therapy in RA group (Table 2), as compared to the control group indicates high degree of inflammation which in accordance with [28,31] who reported that CRP is a member of the class of acute-phase reactants, as its levels rise dramatically dur-
Table 3. Correlations between Sp. IgE and each parameter in the different studied groups.
ing inflammatory processes occurring in the body. This increment is due to a rise in the plasma concentration of IL-6, which is produced predominantly by macrophages.
Regarding to the effect of OAIT on RA group it was found that it alleviated most of the changes in the above mentioned parameters. This was showed from the significant decrease in the levels of specific IgE and total IgE as compared to their pretreatment levels, in spite of being, still higher than control values which might be considered the first signs of an immunologic effect of the therapy and indicated a marked improvement in allergic severity as supported by [32,33]. Also it means improvement in clinical manifestation of allergic disorder [25,34,35]. The mean values of RF titers after therapy were significantly reduced indicating improvement in the severity of the disease as a result of the immunotherapy (Table 2). The effect was more obvious in the RA group than the SLE group which showed from the drastic decrease in the % change to −65.52% in post treated RA group. This was found to be in accordance with [10,36]. However, regarding the effect of therapy on IgG levels (Table 1), a significant increases was observed compared to the pretreated levels which means improvement in clinical manifestation due to blocking of IgE antibodies by IgG, alleviating the symptoms of allergy which agrees with the observations of [37,38] reported that the induction of allergen-specific IgG antibodies has been identified as a major mechanism responsible for the reduction of allergic inflammation in allergic patients treated by antigen-SIT. In addition, passive administration of blocking antibodies may be considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for allergic diseases. As for the effect of immunotherapy on PIT, the data obtained (Table 1) showed that there was a significant improvement in the mean PIT levels after therapy as compared to that before therapy however, it was still lower than that of the normal control levels which reflects an improved clinical outcome of allergic patients as suggested by [39]. The mean values of CRP after immunotherapy were significantly reduced as compared to their respective untreated values (Table 2) which was in agreement with [40] who reported that CRP concentration is an important prognostic factor of many acute and chronic diseases and that serial CRP measurement may be useful to reflect a patient’s response to therapy that aims to modify the underlying inflammatory process.
Concerning SLE group of patients before OAIT as compared to the control group (Table 1 Gr.111) it was found that the changes in the levels of Sp. IgE, total IgE, IgG, PIT and CRP are more or less similar to that of RA group of patients which confirmed the diagnosis of milk allergen and the severity of allergy due to milk allergen in addition to a degree of inflammation. Elevated serum IgE has been described in SLE and a direct association was found between total IgE and SLE overall or with other disease characteristics after adjusting for demographic characteristics and allergy history as reported by [41]. Regarding the elevation in the levels of RF in SLE group of patients (Table 2), it was found to be less obvious in SLE group of patients than that in RA group compared to the control group which in accordance with [42]. The elevation in CRP in this group of patients was found to be in contrary to that reported by [28] who declared that SLE failed to elicit major CRP production despite evident inflammation and tissue damage and the reason was not known. However, in accordance with the current results, [43] reported elevations of serum CRP during the course of SLE illness. ANAs are autoantibodies directed against contents of the cell nucleus and it is the primary laboratory test used to diagnose SLE [44]. Anti-ds DNA antibodies are a group of anti-nuclear antibodies and their target antigen is double stranded DNA, they are incredibly specific for SLE. It was highly correlated with disease activity in most patients [30] and it is considered the best single parameter for predicting active SLE [45]. Accordingly elevation in the values of ANA and anti-ds DNA in SLE patients as compared to the control group confirmed the diagnosis of SLE. The increase in the levels of ANA and anti-ds DNA was also observed in RA but to lesser extent confirming that these parameters are more specific for SLE group than RA group. This is in agreement with the results of [46] who reported that the elevation of the ANA titer to 1:40 or higher is the most sensitive of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) diagnostic criteria for SLE, also more than 99% of patients with SLE have an elevated ANA titer. Complement tests, most commonly C3 and C4, may be used to help diagnose and monitor the activity of acute or chronic autoimmune diseases such as SLE [47]. The significant decrease in the mean levels of C3 & C4 before therapy was more pronounced in SLE group than RA group compared to control as showed from the % change values which was −67.51 for SLE and −29.91 for RA. The complements deficiencies insure the diagnosis of SLE group and agreed with the results of [45,48] which indicated that C3, C4 concentrations were lower in the active stage of SLE and reported that association between complement deficiencies and SLE supports an important role of complement in preventing immune complex mediated tissue damage. Previously it was reported that abnormal levels of C4d reflecting disease activity in SLE [49].
Concerning the effect of OAIT on SLE group it was found that it greatly attenuated most of the parameters under study. This is indicated from the significant decrease in the levels of Sp. IgE, total IgE, and the significant increase in the levels of IgG, and PIT% as compared with their pretreated levels which showed an enhancement in the severity of allergy, improvement of immune system and reduction of allergic inflammation. From the present results (Table 2) it was observed that the mean values of ANA after immunotherapy was found to be greatly reduced in SLE group as compared with the pretreated values and this reduction was found to be more obvious than that in RA group. Therefore immunotherapy was more effective in alleviating the disease activity in the SLE group than the RA group. The mean values of anti-ds DNA after therapy in SLE group were also significantly decreased indicating a frank improvement in disease outcome. These results were in agreement with that reported by [12,30] who declared that higher titres of anti-ds DNA antibodies are more suggestive of SLE and lower titres can be found in people without the disease. The mean C3, C4 levels after therapy were elevated as compared to the untreated levels however, these elevations were more pronounced in SLE group indicating a significant improvement in immuno-resistant disease activity and control the disease which in agreement with the results of [48,49].
5. Conclusion
Efficacy of the immunotherapy was noticed from the reduction in the levels Sp. IgE, total IgE, CRP, ANA, Anti-ds DNA and RF titre, and from the elevations in the levels of IgG, PIT, C3 and C4 in both groups of patients. However, more pronounced immunotherapy improvement was observed in SLE group than the RA group. So, milk desensitization is a valuable addition for the treatment of autoimmune conditions in Egypt. It is exceptionally safe, offers convenience for the patient.