The Suburban Village Residents from the Perspective of Village Organism Theory Construction and Evaluation of Place Attachment Model ()
1. Introduction
With the rapid evolution of globalization, industrialization and urbanization, China is entering a new era of profound economic and social transformation and accelerated reconstruction of urban and rural space [1]. Suburban villages are located in the transition zone between urban and rural areas. Rapid urbanization has led to the expansion of urban construction land and the outward transfer of internal industries. A large amount of land in suburban villages has been expropriated, farmers have lost their land, the employment structure has changed, young and strong labor force chooses to work in cities, and their children also go to school in cities. The population structure of villages is seriously unbalanced, and residents’ feelings towards the countryside are gradually fading. The outflow of population has also caused long-term separation of family members across generations, bringing an impact on the traditional stable family structure [2]. At the same time, the cheap house rent and land rent in suburban villages have attracted a large number of immigrants, thereby changing the original social structure of the village based on blood relations, resulting in the complexity of the social structure of suburban villages and the heterogeneity of the population structure. The original rural landscape has been changed, local residents have left, and the influx of immigrants has also made the traditional festivals, folk activities, and traditional crafts of the village uninherited, facing a crisis of inheritance. As the primary area receiving urban radiation, suburban villages have undergone tremendous changes in their physical and social environments. The population’s social structure, industrial structure, and cultural structure have also changed accordingly, ultimately leading to a change in the relationship between people and land in suburban villages.
Place attachment refers to an emotional connection between people and a specific place, and is an important area of research on the relationship between people and places. Yi-Fu Tuan first proposed the concept of “place” [3], and later further proposed sense of place and topophilia on this basis, emphasizing the emotional relationship between people and places [4]. Place attachment originates from people’s values, cognition, and feelings about places, and reflects the deep emotional connection between people and places after long-term interaction. It is a positive sense of place and an important part of the study of sense of place. Since the 1990s, the study of place attachment has attracted widespread attention from scholars at home and abroad. A large number of studies have been conducted on the concept of place attachment [5]-[7], dimensional division [8]-[10], influencing factors [11]-[13], and influencing effects [14]-[16]. Establishing models and designing scales are important means and methods for studying sense of place and place attachment. The earliest sense of place model was established by Relph [17]. His model is based on a framework with three dimensions, namely stable natural environment, human activities, and meaning. Later, he added a fourth dimension, local spirit. Relph’s sense of place model opened up new ideas for later research. Subsequently, Steele [18], Zube [19], Greene [20] and others constructed three representative sense of place models. Subsequent researchers either borrowed the models of predecessors or modified or constructed new models according to their own research needs to study place attachment [21]. Place attachment is an important concept in exploring the relationship between people and land, reflecting the emotional connection between the subject and the place. Using resident’s attachment emotions to evoke “homesickness” thoughts, reshape the centripetal force and cohesion of suburban villages, enhance the willingness of local residents to participate in village construction and governance, and promote the sense of participation, belonging and identity of foreign residents in the village are key issues in the current transformation and development of suburban villages.
In 2020, Chen Zhiwen et al. proposed the “village organism theory”, which regards the village as an organic life system. They believe that “the village organism develops from a single cell (household), through cell division and development to form a cell cluster and then an organism. In this process, the village organism develops into five major organs: blood, politics, economy, thought, and ethics, which are responsible for coordinating the five major relationships in the social system: blood, politics, economy, thought, and ethics; the village organism is composed of two major systems: material space and society” [22]. The village organism theory is an important innovation in rural geography theory and provides a new theory and perspective for studying rural issues. The village organism theory covers the two major systems of rural material space and society, and these two systems are the important factors that shape and influence residents’ place attachment. Therefore, this paper will start from the village organism theory, establish a place attachment model for residents in suburban villages, and design a measurement scale for sampling and evaluation. By studying and analyzing the differences and influencing factors of place attachment of different types of residents, we can cultivate and improve the level of residents’ place attachment, enhance residents’ willingness to stay and participate in village construction, and promote the development of villages.
2. Model Building
The village organism is composed of two major systems: material space and society. The material space system includes the natural environment and the artificial environment, such as air conditions, infrastructure construction, and residential environment. These all affect residents’ perception and evaluation of the village, and thus affect residents’ place attachment. In the social system, there are five major social relationships: blood relationship, ideology, politics, economy, and ethics. Blood relationship represents the relatives and family status of residents; political relationship represents the village governance status; economic relationship represents the work and income status of residents; ideological relationship represents the village education status; and ethical relationship represents the entertainment and living atmosphere. All these relationships shape and influence residents’ place attachment to the village. Therefore. Starting from the perspective of the village organism, the author divides the place attachment of suburban village residents into two dimensions: the material space system dimension and the social system dimension, and then constructs a suburban village residents’ place attachment model including natural environment factors, artificial environment factors, blood relationship factors, ideological relationship factors, political relationship factors, economic relationship factors, and ethical relationship factors (Figure 1). Finally, a suburban village residents’ place attachment measurement table is designed based on the model and the actual situation of the village.
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Figure 1. Place attachment model of suburban village residents.
3. Research Area and Research Methods
3.1. Study Area
Yafan Town is located in the southern part of Jinhua City, on the south bank of Wuyi River, 4.5 kilometers away from the city center. The total area of the town is 75.9 square kilometers, with 22 administrative villages and 112 natural villages with a registered population of 24,200. It borders Wuyi County in the southeast and Wuyi River in the northeast. It faces Jiangdong Town and Duohu Street in Jindong District across the river. It is adjacent to Andi Town in the southwest and Sumeng Township in Jinhua Economic Development Zone in the northwest. It is a suburban town in Jinhua. The urban South Second Ring Road passes through the north of the town, and Dongyang Street passes through the center of the town, connecting the town and the city, and the transportation is very convenient.
Within the scope of Yafan Town, this paper selected three sample villages for sampling research, namely Yafan Village 1, Yafan Village 2 and Yafan Village 3. The three villages are geographically close to each other and close to the urban area of Jinhua. The town government and the police station are both located in Yafan Village 2, which is the political center of Yafan Town and also the economic and cultural center. In terms of entertainment, kindergartens, primary schools, and junior high schools have been built. The Yafan Town New Era Civilization Practice Center has also been established, and cultural and entertainment activities are rich. There are also several industrial parks around the village, which have been in a state of recruitment for a long time, attracting a large number of migrant workers, but there are not many other job options, so local young people choose to go to the city to seek development. Because there is no high school in the town, the education level of primary and junior high schools is also limited, and most of the young people who need to study have left the village. Nowadays, the local residents are mainly composed of local elderly children and young and middle-aged migrant workers.
3.2. Research Methods
3.2.1 Questionnaire Design and Survey
The research data of this paper comes from field research and questionnaire survey. On the basis of determining the research area, research methods and questionnaire design, under the guidance of the instructor and local residents, the author went deep into the village to conduct field research, distributed questionnaires offline and distributed online questionnaires with the help of local people to collect information related to residents’ place attachment. The questionnaire content includes demographic characteristics and residents’ place attachment perception items. The items use a 5-point Likert scale, with “1” representing “very dissatisfied”, “2” representing “not very satisfied”, “3” representing “average”, “4” representing “relatively satisfied”, and “5” representing “very satisfied”. The author conducted two field surveys and interviews in the sample village in May 2023, and obtained 80 paper questionnaires. Later, with the help of local people, 120 online questionnaires were obtained. After sorting, 162 valid questionnaires were obtained, with an efficiency of 81%. The data were statistically analyzed with the help of statistical analysis software SPSS26.0.
3.2.2. Sample Descriptive Statistics
From the sample statistics, we can see that the respondents are mainly young and middle-aged people and the elderly, mostly locals, with slightly more men than women, the longest residence time being more than 30 years, with a medium income level, and the housing type basically corresponds to the household registration (Table 1). These characteristics are consistent with the fact that there are many migrant workers in suburban villages and most local residents are elderly.
3.2.3. Questionnaire Reliability and Validity Test
According to the reliability analysis results in Table 2, it can be seen that the overall standardized reliability coefficient of the physical environment system is 0.787. According to the reliability coefficients after item deletion, it can be seen that they are all less than the overall 0.787. Therefore, the questions in the physical environment system dimension do not need to be adjusted.
Table 1. Basic information of samples.
Variable |
Options |
Frequency |
Percentage |
Variable |
Options |
Frequency |
Percentage |
Gender |
Male |
92 |
56.80% |
Length of stay |
Less than 1 year |
10 |
6.20% |
Female |
70 |
43.20% |
1 - 5 years |
34 |
21.00% |
Age |
13 - 24 years old |
34 |
21.00% |
6 - 15 years |
11 |
6.80% |
25 - 44 years old |
51 |
31.50% |
16 - 30 years |
37 |
22.80% |
45 - 65 years old |
67 |
41.40% |
More than 30 years |
70 |
43.20% |
Over 65 years old |
10 |
6.20% |
Annual income |
No income |
20 |
12.30% |
Household registration |
Local |
116 |
71.60% |
Below 20,000 yuan |
12 |
7.40% |
Out of town |
46 |
28.40% |
20,000 - 50,000 Yuan |
43 |
26.50% |
Housing type |
Own |
111 |
68.50% |
50,000 - 100,000 yuan |
49 |
30.20% |
Renting |
51 |
31.50% |
More than 100,000 yuan |
38 |
23.50% |
Table 2. Reliability analysis of physical environment system.
|
Options |
Scaled mean after
removing items |
Scaled
variance after removing terms |
Corrected item-total correlation |
Squared Multiple Correlation |
Cronbach’s
Alpha after
removing terms |
Normalized α |
Natural
environment |
The natural environment of the village |
14.72 |
5.47 |
0.65 |
0.46 |
0.72 |
0.787 |
Artificial
environment |
The village’s infrastructure, water, electricity and
transportation conditions |
14.87 |
5.46 |
0.57 |
0.40 |
0.74 |
The buildings, roads and
appearance of the village |
14.70 |
6.13 |
0.47 |
0.24 |
0.78 |
Your living environment |
14.72 |
5.52 |
0.59 |
0.38 |
0.74 |
Your housing situation |
15.04 |
5.41 |
0.55 |
0.34 |
0.75 |
According to the reliability analysis results in Table 3, it can be seen that the overall standardized reliability coefficient for the social system is 0.846. According to the reliability coefficients after item deletion, it can be seen that they are all less than the overall 0.846. Therefore, the questions in the social system dimension do not need to be adjusted.
According to the results of the exploratory factor analysis in Table 4, it can be seen that the result of the KMO test is 0.853. The coefficient value of the KMO test ranges from 0 to 1. The closer to 1, the better the validity of the questionnaire. According to the significance of the sphericity test, it can also be seen that the significance of this test is infinitely close to 0, rejecting the null hypothesis, so the questionnaire has good validity.
Table 3. Reliability analysis of social system.
|
Options |
Scaled mean after
removing items |
Scaled
variance
after
removing terms |
Corrected item-total correlation |
Squared Multiple Correlation |
Cronbach’s Alpha after removing terms |
Normalized α |
Blood
relationship |
Your relationship with your family |
42.99 |
39.10 |
0.48 |
0.32 |
0.83 |
0.846 |
Thought
Relationship |
Educational conditions for children and young people in the village |
44.59 |
37.44 |
0.50 |
0.65 |
0.83 |
Vocational education conditions for middle-aged and elderly people in the village |
44.84 |
38.22 |
0.44 |
0.57 |
0.83 |
Political
Relations |
The working attitude of the village committee |
43.03 |
38.70 |
0.35 |
0.30 |
0.84 |
The efficiency of the village
committee |
43.41 |
37.70 |
0.67 |
0.52 |
0.82 |
Improvement of village
organization |
43.05 |
39.85 |
0.42 |
0.38 |
0.83 |
Security situation in the village |
42.89 |
39.45 |
0.45 |
0.38 |
0.83 |
Economic
relations |
Job opportunities here |
44.33 |
38.19 |
0.49 |
0.38 |
0.83 |
Your income status |
43.78 |
37.92 |
0.38 |
0.37 |
0.84 |
Ethical
Relationship |
Your relationship with your
neighbors |
43.35 |
38.17 |
0.58 |
0.49 |
0.82 |
The living atmosphere of the village |
43.46 |
37.05 |
0.56 |
0.44 |
0.82 |
The status of cultural and
entertainment activities in the village |
43.8 |
36.27 |
0.64 |
0.53 |
0.82 |
Construction status of public
cultural facilities in the village |
43.65 |
37.64 |
0.52 |
0.51 |
0.83 |
Table 4. KMO and bartlett test.
KMO sampling suitability quantity. |
0.853 |
Bartlett’s test of sphericity |
Approximate chi-square |
1145.531 |
|
degrees of freedom |
153 |
|
Significance |
0 |
4. Result Analysis
4.1. Analysis of the Overall Characteristics of Place Attachment
Generally speaking, the mean score of the Likert scale with a scale of 1 - 5 is between 1 - 2.4, indicating opposition, between 2.5 - 3.4, indicating neutrality, and between 3.5 - 5, indicating approval [23]. As can be seen from Table 5, except for the housing condition item in the artificial environment factor and the ideological relationship factor and economic relationship factor, the scores of the other items are all above 3.5, and the total mean of the scale is 3.62. Therefore, the local attachment of residents in suburban villages is generally high. From the perspective of each factor, the blood relationship factor has the highest score, indicating that the relationship between residents and their families is harmonious and the family atmosphere is harmonious. The political relationship factor also has a high score, indicating that the local government structure is sound, the governance level is good, and it can meet the expectations of most residents. The local security situation is also good. The ideological relationship factor has the lowest score, indicating that the local education level is low. Both the basic education for young people and the vocational education for middle-aged and elderly people cannot meet the needs of residents, and educational resources are insufficient. The economic relationship factor also has a low score, mainly because there are few job opportunities and the employment situation is not good. The scores of the other three items are all around 3.7, which means that the residents are quite satisfied with the natural environment and infrastructure of the village; the living atmosphere in the village is relatively comfortable and the relationship between neighbors is good; the construction of cultural facilities and the hosting of cultural and entertainment activities need to be improved.
Table 5. Mean values of place attachment on various items and factors.
Factor |
Question |
Mean |
Grand mean |
Natural environmental factors |
The natural environment of the village |
3.79 |
3.79 |
Artificial environmental factors |
The village’s infrastructure, water, electricity and transportation conditions |
3.64 |
3.68 |
The buildings, roads and appearance of the village |
3.81 |
Your living environment |
3.78 |
Your housing situation |
3.46 |
Blood relationship factor |
Your relationship with your family |
4.27 |
4.27 |
Thought Relationship Factor |
Educational conditions for children and young people in the
village |
2.62 |
2.55 |
Vocational education conditions for middle-aged and elderly people in the village |
2.43 |
Political Relationship Factor |
The working attitude of the village committee |
4.23 |
4.17 |
The efficiency of the village committee |
3.85 |
Improvement of village organization |
4.22 |
Security situation in the village |
4.38 |
Economic Relationship Factor |
Job opportunities here |
2.91 |
3.21 |
Your income status |
3.46 |
Ethical relationship factor |
Your relationship with your neighbors |
3.91 |
3.71 |
The atmosphere of village life |
3.81 |
Cultural and entertainment activities held in the village |
3.51 |
Construction status of public cultural facilities in the village |
3.61 |
4.2. Analysis of Differential Characteristics of Place Attachment
Taking the mean value of each factor item of place attachment as a variable, the independent sample T test method was used to analyze the differences of each factor item of place attachment in different genders, household registrations, and housing types, and a one-factor ANOVA was used to analyze the differences of each factor item of place attachment in age and length of residence., the difference in income level, on the factor items with significant differences, and then analyze the reasons for the differences.
According to Table 6, it can be seen that the place attachment of residents in suburban villages differs in various factors due to different genders. Except for the ideological relationship factor and the economic relationship factor, the other significance tests are all greater than 0.05, indicating that residents of different genders only differ in the ideological relationship factor and the economic relationship factor, and there are no significant differences in other items. Statistical difference. Regarding the ideological relationship factor, according to the mean value, it can be seen that women’s degree of place attachment is higher than that of men. This article uses residents’ perception and satisfaction with local education level to express residents’ place attachment. Therefore, women are higher than men with local education level satisfaction. Men, this may be due to long-term historical factors and the preference for sons over daughters in rural areas. Women have lower expectations for education than men. Therefore, under the same level of education, women will be more satisfied with education than men. In terms of economic relationship factors, from the mean value, men have a higher degree of place attachment than women. This article uses personal income level and satisfaction with local job opportunities to represent residents’ place attachment. Therefore, men are more satisfied with their own income and local job conditions. For women, this may be because from the overall social situation, the average income of men is always higher than the average income of women, and due to gender discrimination in employment, men always have more job opportunities than women, so in the same situation Under certain conditions, men will have a higher degree of place attachment than women on economic relationship factors.
Table 6. Differences in gender among factors.
Variable |
Gender |
Number of cases |
Average value |
Standard Deviation |
t |
sig |
Natural environmental factors |
male |
92 |
3.78 |
0.80 |
−0.15 |
0.88 |
female |
70 |
3.80 |
0.69 |
Artificial environmental factors |
male |
92 |
3.69 |
0.61 |
0.31 |
0.76 |
female |
70 |
3.66 |
0.56 |
Blood relationship factor |
male |
92 |
4.32 |
0.73 |
0.85 |
0.40 |
female |
70 |
4.21 |
0.78 |
Thought Relationship Factor |
male |
92 |
2.39 |
0.86 |
−2.83 |
0.01 |
female |
70 |
2.77 |
0.85 |
Political Relationship Factor |
male |
92 |
4.21 |
0.51 |
1.00 |
0.32 |
female |
70 |
4.12 |
0.65 |
Economic Relationship Factor |
male |
92 |
3.39 |
0.73 |
3.37 |
0.00 |
female |
70 |
2.97 |
0.84 |
Ethical relationship factor |
male |
92 |
3.73 |
0.61 |
0.58 |
0.56 |
female |
70 |
3.66 |
0.72 |
Judging from the overall survey results, household registration and housing status are basically consistent with the situation that locals own their own houses and outsiders rent, so these two factors are analyzed together here. It can be seen from Table 7 and Table 8 that the significance test for differences in artificial environment factors, ideological relationship factors, economic relationship factors and ethical relationship factors between residents with different household registrations and housing conditions are all less than 0.05, indicating that there are differences in these aspects. In terms of the artificial environment factor, the degree of place attachment of local and self-owned residents is higher than that of residents living in other places and renting. This factor is measured by residents’ satisfaction with local infrastructure, village appearance and living conditions. Local Compared with outsiders, people have a higher recognition and sense of honor for the village. As for the housing situation, people who own their own houses usually take good care of the houses to make them more comfortable to live in. Those who just rent a house. People usually do not have high requirements for the living environment, and they come here to work and make money, and do not spend too much money on housing, which leads to this difference. In terms of the ideological relationship factor, the place attachment of local and self-owned residents is higher than that of residents who live in other places and rented houses. This factor is measured by the education status of local teenagers and middle-aged and elderly people. Local residents grew up and accepted it here. Regarding education, non-local residents have little connection with local education. Local middle-aged and elderly residents may participate in locally organized vocational education, etc., while non-local residents do not have the time or interest to participate, so this difference will occur. In terms of the economic relationship factor, the degree of place attachment of local and self-owned residents is lower than that of residents living in other places and renting houses. This factor is measured by personal income level and satisfaction with local job opportunities. Residents from other places come here. It’s just to make money. If you are not satisfied with the job opportunities and personal income here, you can go elsewhere. Staying here means you are quite satisfied. The locals are not satisfied with the local economic conditions and want to seek better economic conditions outside, thus causing this difference. In terms of the ethical relationship factor, the degree of place attachment of local and self-owned residents is higher than that of residents living in other places and renting. This factor is measured by neighborhood relations and satisfaction with the local social atmosphere. Local residents have grown up there. Therefore, the relationship between each other is close and the feelings are deep. However, the outsiders have not lived here for a long time and have no special connection with the local area, so this difference arises.
Table 7. Differences of various factors in household registration.
|
Household registration |
Number of cases |
Average value |
Standard Deviation |
t |
sig |
Natural environmental factors |
Local |
116 |
3.85 |
0.83 |
0.97 |
0.35 |
Out of town |
46 |
3.63 |
0.49 |
Artificial environmental factors |
Local |
116 |
3.75 |
0.64 |
2.94 |
0.00 |
Out of town |
46 |
3.51 |
0.37 |
Blood relationship factor |
Local |
116 |
4.29 |
0.80 |
0.66 |
0.51 |
Out of town |
46 |
4.22 |
0.59 |
Thought relationship factor |
Local |
116 |
2.84 |
0.81 |
8.70 |
0.00 |
Out of town |
46 |
1.84 |
0.59 |
Political relationship factor |
Local |
116 |
4.17 |
0.64 |
0.12 |
0.91 |
Out of town |
46 |
4.16 |
0.36 |
Economic relationship factor |
Local |
116 |
3.12 |
0.88 |
−2.94 |
0.00 |
Out of town |
46 |
3.44 |
0.48 |
Ethical relationship factor |
Local |
116 |
3.77 |
0.74 |
2.98 |
0.00 |
Out of town |
46 |
3.52 |
0.35 |
Table 8. Differences in factors in housing types.
|
Housing type |
Number of cases |
Average value |
Standard Deviation |
t |
sig |
Natural environmental factors |
Own |
111 |
3.83 |
0.82 |
0.97 |
0.34 |
Renting |
51 |
3.71 |
0.58 |
Artificial environmental factors |
Own |
111 |
3.74 |
0.64 |
2.12 |
0.04 |
Renting |
51 |
3.56 |
0.41 |
Blood relationship factor |
Own |
111 |
4.24 |
0.81 |
−0.71 |
0.48 |
Renting |
51 |
4.33 |
0.59 |
Thought relationship factor |
Own |
111 |
2.79 |
0.83 |
5.60 |
0.00 |
Renting |
51 |
2.03 |
0.75 |
Political relationship factor |
Own |
111 |
4.16 |
0.65 |
−0.30 |
0.77 |
Renting |
51 |
4.19 |
0.38 |
Economic relationship factor |
Own |
111 |
3.09 |
0.90 |
−3.51 |
0.00 |
Renting |
51 |
3.46 |
0.45 |
Ethical relationship factor |
Own |
111 |
3.75 |
0.74 |
1.76 |
0.08 |
Renting |
51 |
3.59 |
0.42 |
According to Table 9, among the differences in various factors caused by different ages, only the ideological relationship factor and the ethical relationship factor have differences due to different ages. In the ideological relationship factor, the degree of local attachment of residents increases with age. This factor is measured by the satisfaction with the education of local teenagers and middle-aged and elderly people. This is not difficult to explain. The younger the age, the better the growth environment and education level, and thus the higher the requirements for education level. The education level of older people when they were young is much lower than it is now. Therefore, under the same educational conditions today, the older the age, the higher the satisfaction. In the ethical relationship factor, the attachment level of people over 65 years old is the highest, and the attachment level of people aged 25 - 44 and 45 - 65 is not much different, with the former slightly higher than the latter, and the attachment level of people aged 13 - 24 is the lowest. This factor is measured by neighborhood relations and satisfaction with the local social atmosphere. Residents aged 65 and above have lived in the village the longest, generally attach great importance to clan concepts and neighborhood feelings, and have the deepest feelings for the village, so they have the highest degree of attachment; residents aged 13 - 24 are at the age of education, mostly studying in the city or other places, and do not have such deep feelings for the village. With the development of society and changes in ideas, young people pay more attention to their own development, do not care much about the outside world, and have little contact with neighbors, so they have the lowest degree of attachment. Residents in the other two age groups are not as attached to the village as the elderly, but they care more about village life and neighborhood relations than young people, so their attachment levels are in the middle.
Table 9. Differences of factors in age.
|
|
Number
of cases |
Average
value |
Standard
Deviation |
F |
sig |
Multiple
comparisons |
Natural environmental factors |
13 - 24 years old |
34 |
3.65 |
0.73 |
0.83 |
0.48 |
|
25 - 44 years old |
51 |
3.76 |
0.74 |
45 - 65 years old |
67 |
3.85 |
0.76 |
Over 65 years old |
10 |
4.00 |
0.82 |
Artificial environmental factors |
13 - 24 years old |
34 |
3.62 |
0.43 |
1.07 |
0.36 |
|
25 - 44 years old |
51 |
3.64 |
0.59 |
45 - 65 years old |
67 |
3.70 |
0.65 |
Over 65 years old |
10 |
3.98 |
0.55 |
Blood relationship factor |
13 - 24 years old |
34 |
4.21 |
0.69 |
0.38 |
0.77 |
|
25 - 44 years old |
51 |
4.33 |
0.71 |
45 - 65 years old |
67 |
4.28 |
0.81 |
Over 65 years old |
10 |
4.10 |
0.74 |
Thought relationship factor |
13 - 24 years old |
34 |
2.04 |
0.63 |
10.29 |
0.00 |
2 < 3 < 4 < 5 |
25 - 44 years old |
51 |
2.36 |
0.96 |
45 - 65 years old |
67 |
2.88 |
0.79 |
Over 65 years old |
10 |
3.05 |
0.60 |
Political relationship factor |
13 - 24 years old |
34 |
4.26 |
0.41 |
1.25 |
0.29 |
|
25 - 44 years old |
51 |
4.24 |
0.56 |
45 - 65 years old |
67 |
4.07 |
0.68 |
Over 65 years old |
10 |
4.20 |
0.26 |
Economic relationship factor |
13 - 24 years old |
34 |
2.88 |
0.91 |
2.65 |
0.05 |
|
25 - 44 years old |
51 |
3.35 |
0.73 |
45 - 65 years old |
67 |
3.24 |
0.81 |
Over 65 years old |
10 |
3.35 |
0.34 |
Ethical relationship factor |
13 - 24 years old |
34 |
3.49 |
0.51 |
2.95 |
0.04 |
2 < 4 < 3 < 5 |
25 - 44 years old |
51 |
3.76 |
0.66 |
45 - 65 years old |
67 |
3.69 |
0.73 |
Over 65 years old |
10 |
4.15 |
0.24 |
Note: 2 represents 13 - 24 years old, 3 represents 25 - 44 years old, 4 represents 45 - 65 years old, and 5 represents over 65 years old.
According to Table 10, among the differences in various factors caused by different lengths of residence, only the ideological relationship factor and the economic relationship factor have differences due to different ages. In terms of ideological relationship factors, those who have lived for more than 30 years have the highest degree of attachment, because they are all local elderly people and have relatively the lowest requirements for education level, so they have the highest satisfaction. Secondly, the attachment levels of 6 - 15 years and 15 - 30 years are not much different, and the former is slightly higher than the latter, because the latter are mostly local middle-aged people who care about and attach importance to their children’s education. Finally, the residents who have lived for 1 - 5 years and less than 1 year have the lowest degree of attachment. They are mostly outsiders who come here to work and are not very concerned about the local education situation, so the mean is the lowest. In terms of the economic relationship factor, those with 1 - 5 years and less than 1 year have the highest level of attachment. Most of them are migrant workers who come here to make money, so they have the highest satisfaction on this factor. The second highest level is those with more than 30 years. Most of them are local elderly people who do not have high requirements for economic conditions. The lowest level is those with 5 - 15 years and 15 to 30 years. These two groups are mostly local young and middle-aged people who bear the economic burden of the family and are dissatisfied with the local employment situation. Therefore, they have the lowest level of attachment on this factor.
Table 10. Differences in residence duration among various factors.
|
|
Number of cases |
Average value |
Standard
Deviation |
F |
sig |
Multiple
comparisons |
Natural environmental factors |
Less than 1 year |
10 |
3.70 |
0.48 |
1.52 |
0.20 |
|
1 - 5 years |
34 |
3.59 |
0.56 |
6 - 15 years |
11 |
3.82 |
0.75 |
15 - 30 years |
37 |
3.70 |
0.81 |
More than 30 years |
70 |
3.94 |
0.81 |
Artificial environmental factors |
Less than 1 year |
10 |
3.50 |
0.33 |
2.28 |
0.06 |
|
1 - 5 years |
34 |
3.45 |
0.37 |
6 - 15 years |
11 |
3.80 |
0.46 |
15 - 30 years |
37 |
3.73 |
0.58 |
More than 30 years |
70 |
3.78 |
0.68 |
Blood relationship factor |
Less than 1 year |
10 |
4.10 |
0.57 |
0.46 |
0.77 |
|
1 - 5 years |
34 |
4.26 |
0.57 |
6 - 15 years |
11 |
4.09 |
0.94 |
15 - 30 years |
37 |
4.24 |
0.72 |
More than 30 years |
70 |
4.34 |
0.83 |
Thought relationship factor |
Less than 1 year |
10 |
1.85 |
0.41 |
13.49 |
0.00 |
1 < 2 < 4 < 3 < 5 |
1 - 5 years |
34 |
1.87 |
0.57 |
6 - 15 years |
11 |
2.68 |
1.12 |
15 - 30 years |
37 |
2.60 |
0.95 |
More than 30 years |
70 |
2.94 |
0.72 |
Political relationship factor |
Less than 1 year |
10 |
3.98 |
0.34 |
0.33 |
0.86 |
|
1 - 5 years |
34 |
4.18 |
0.40 |
6 - 15 years |
11 |
4.18 |
0.86 |
15 - 30 years |
37 |
4.21 |
0.60 |
More than 30 years |
70 |
4.17 |
0.62 |
Economic relationship factor |
Less than 1 year |
10 |
3.45 |
0.28 |
4.28 |
0.00 |
4 < 3 < 5 < 1 < 2 |
1 - 5 years |
34 |
3.52 |
0.47 |
6 - 15 years |
11 |
2.96 |
0.57 |
15 - 30 years |
37 |
2.82 |
1.02 |
More than 30 years |
70 |
3.26 |
0.80 |
Ethical relationship
factor |
Less than 1 year |
10 |
3.45 |
0.23 |
1.36 |
0.25 |
|
1 - 5 years |
34 |
3.55 |
0.44 |
6 - 15 years |
11 |
3.59 |
0.89 |
15 - 30 years |
37 |
3.73 |
0.69 |
More than 30 years |
70 |
3.81 |
0.72 |
Note: 1 represents less than 1 year, 2 represents 1 - 5 years, 3 represents 6 - 15 years, 4 represents 16 - 30 years, and 5 represents more than 30 years.
According to Table 11, among the differences in various factors caused by different annual incomes, the artificial environment factor, ideological relationship factor and economic relationship factor all have differences due to different ages. In terms of the artificial environment factor, the annual income of 20,000 - 50,000 yuan and more than 100,000 yuan has the highest degree of attachment, and the former is slightly higher than the latter. According to my observation of the research sample, the former are mostly local middle-aged women, who have their own houses and little personal economic pressure, so they are very satisfied with the living environment, etc. The latter has the highest annual income, good living conditions and high satisfaction. The rest are no income, 50,000 - 100,000 yuan, and less than 20,000 yuan. This may be because residents without income are basically students, young, and have high requirements for living conditions, so their attachment is average. Residents with an income of 50,000 - 100,000 yuan are mostly migrant workers, with poor living conditions and low satisfaction; residents with an income of less than 20,000 yuan have poor economic conditions, low housing standards, and the lowest satisfaction. In terms of ideological relationship factors, residents with an income of 20,000 to 50,000 yuan have the highest level of attachment. As mentioned before, this group is mostly local middle-aged women who do not have high requirements for education, so they have the highest satisfaction. Residents with an annual income of less than 20,000 yuan and no income have a moderate level of attachment. They are mostly students and have high requirements for education, so their satisfaction is moderate. Residents with an annual income of more than 100,000 yuan and 50,000 to 100,000 yuan have the lowest level of attachment, because they are mostly the main economic force in the family and have a high income. The younger generation in the family is in the stage of education and has the highest requirements for education, so their satisfaction is the lowest. In terms of economic relationship factors, as annual income increases, residents’ local attachment increases. Because this factor is represented by satisfaction with job opportunities and personal income, this difference will occur.
Table 11. Differences in annual income among various factors.
|
|
Number
of cases |
Average
value |
Standard
Deviation |
F |
sig |
Multiple
comparisons |
Natural environmental factors |
No income |
20 |
3.65 |
0.88 |
0.49 |
0.75 |
|
Below 20,000 yuan |
12 |
3.67 |
1.07 |
20,000 - 50,000 yuan |
43 |
3.88 |
0.76 |
50,000 to 100,000 yuan |
49 |
3.76 |
0.69 |
More than 100,000 yuan |
38 |
3.84 |
0.64 |
Artificial environmental factors |
No income |
20 |
3.55 |
0.58 |
2.91 |
0.02 |
2 < 4 < 1 < 5 < 3 |
Below 20,000 yuan |
12 |
3.50 |
0.82 |
20,000 - 50,000 Yuan |
43 |
3.84 |
0.58 |
50,000 to 100,000 yuan |
49 |
3.53 |
0.51 |
More than 100,000 yuan |
38 |
3.83 |
0.54 |
Blood relationship factor |
No income |
20 |
4.10 |
0.91 |
2.06 |
0.09 |
|
Below 20,000 yuan |
12 |
3.83 |
1.19 |
20,000 - 50,000 yuan |
43 |
4.30 |
0.67 |
50,000 to 100,000 yuan |
49 |
4.27 |
0.67 |
More than 100,000 yuan |
38 |
4.47 |
0.60 |
Thought relationship factor |
No income |
20 |
2.60 |
0.98 |
4.51 |
0.00 |
|
Below 20,000 yuan |
12 |
2.67 |
0.69 |
20,000 - 50,000 Yuan |
43 |
2.98 |
0.78 |
4.51 |
0.00 |
4 < 5 < 1 < 2 < 3 |
50,000 to 100,000 yuan |
49 |
2.31 |
0.93 |
More than 100,000 yuan |
38 |
2.33 |
0.75 |
Political relationship factor |
No income |
20 |
4.11 |
0.60 |
0.75 |
0.56 |
|
Below 20,000 yuan |
12 |
3.98 |
0.94 |
20,000 - 50,000 yuan |
43 |
4.13 |
0.67 |
50,000 to 100,000 yuan |
49 |
4.20 |
0.45 |
More than 100,000 yuan |
38 |
4.27 |
0.45 |
Economic relationship factor |
No income |
20 |
2.45 |
1.11 |
11.34 |
0.00 |
1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < 5 |
Below 20,000 yuan |
12 |
2.50 |
0.80 |
20,000 - 50,000 Yuan |
43 |
3.16 |
0.62 |
50,000 to 100,000 yuan |
49 |
3.35 |
0.62 |
More than 100,000 yuan |
38 |
3.70 |
0.53 |
Ethical relationship factor |
No income |
20 |
3.58 |
0.70 |
1.67 |
0.16 |
|
Below 20,000 yuan |
12 |
3.46 |
0.91 |
20,000 - 50,000 Yuan |
43 |
3.88 |
0.67 |
50,000 to 100,000 yuan |
49 |
3.62 |
0.61 |
More than 100,000 yuan |
38 |
3.74 |
0.56 |
Note: 1 represents no income, 2 represents less than 20,000 yuan, 3 represents 20,000 - 50,000 yuan, 4 represents 50,000 - 100,000 yuan, and 5 represents more than 100,000 yuan.
5. Conclusion and Discussion
The analysis of the local attachment of residents in suburban villages in the previous article shows that the local attachment of residents in suburban villages is at a medium to high level. The blood relationship factor has the highest score, indicating that the relationship between residents and their families is harmonious and the family atmosphere is harmonious. The political relationship factor also has a high score, indicating that the local government has a good governance level, meets the expectations of most residents, and the local public security situation is also good. The ideological relationship factor has the lowest score, indicating that the local education level cannot meet the needs of residents and that educational resources are insufficient. In the future development of the village, it will focus on improving the local education level and building and developing more educational resources. The economic relationship factor also has a low score, mainly because there are few job opportunities and the employment situation is not good. In the future, the village should vigorously develop industries, not only attract outsiders, but also build enterprises and industries that can attract local residents to stay [24]. The scores of the other four items are all higher than the total mean of the scale, indicating that residents are generally satisfied with these factors, but there is still room for improvement. At the same time, through the variance analysis of residents’ gender, age, household registration, etc., it was found that residents with different household registrations and housing types had the most significant differences in the degree of local attachment. Due to the presence of a large number of foreign populations, the village cannot ignore them in the process of development. It is necessary to pay attention to their life experience and living conditions so that they can integrate into the village and contribute to the development of the village. Residents’ local attachment also affects residents’ willingness to stay and their behavior of participating in the construction of the village. Therefore, in the future transformation and development of the village, it is necessary to pay attention to the cultivation and improvement of residents’ local attachment level.
6. Suggestion
6.1. Protect and Reshape Rural Landscapes and Beautify the Ecological Environment
Rural landscape is the manifestation of the external characteristics of the village and the representation of its internal character. It is an important carrier of residents’ memory of the village. These buildings carry the residents’ memory of the village and are also the business cards for residents to understand the village’s history and culture. Their destruction affects the residents’ level of attachment to the village. Therefore, in the process of suburban village construction, it is necessary to pay attention to protecting the representative rural architectural landscape of the village.
6.2. Strengthen the Construction of Village Infrastructure and Improve Residents’ Living Conditions
In the process of urbanization, we must strengthen the construction of infrastructure, solve the problems of residents’ difficulty in getting medical treatment, going to school, and providing for the elderly, and meet all aspects of residents’ needs, so as to improve residents’ satisfaction with the village, enhance their pleasure and pride in living in the village, and enable residents to live and work in peace and contentment in the village and be willing to stay for a long time.
6.3. Strengthen the Construction of Village Public Spaces
Strengthen the construction of public spaces in the village, shorten the physical and psychological distance between residents, increase emotional exchanges between residents, and thus enhance residents’ sense of identity and belonging to the village. We can make full use of existing or preserved ancestral halls, temples, former residences of celebrities and other public spaces in the village. We can also build new cultural halls, stages, cultural squares, rural parks, elderly activity centers and other public spaces.
6.4. Multi-Agent Village Management and Participation
In the process of urbanization, the subjects of suburban villages are becoming increasingly complex, which puts higher requirements on the management of villages and requires the coordination of multiple interests, needs and relationships. The village management and participation model should be innovated, and multiple subjects and participation should be implemented. First, the enthusiasm of residents to participate in village affairs should be stimulated, so that villagers have more say; second, the function and role of village elders in the village governance system should be emphasized. Village elders are village elders, returning youth, retired officials, entrepreneurs, scholars abroad, overseas Chinese, sojourners, college student village officials, and rural teachers. They have high virtues, reputations and abilities, and can inject new power into the construction and development of villages.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest.