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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Production of low cost Bacillus thuringiensis based-biopesticide for management of chickpea pod-borer Helicoverpa armigera (Huebn) in Pakistan

  AUTHORS: Abida Bibi, Khalique Ahmed, Najma Ayub, Sadia Alam

  KEYWORDS: Beef Blood; Molasses; Indigenous B.t. Isolate PA-Sb-46.3; Sporulation; Entomotoxicity; Biopesticide

  JOURNAL NAME: Natural Science, Vol.5 No.11, November 4, 2013

  ABSTRACT: The biopesticide was prepared from locally available low cost ingredients: dried beef blood, molasses and mineral salts (ZnCl2, MgCl2, MnCl2, CaCl2CaCl2, and FeCl3) which were used as medium for the laboratory scale production of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) bio-pesticide by shake flask technique. Indigenous B.t. isolate PA-Sb- 46.3 which produced two crystals—bi-pyramidal and cuboidal was found 73.6 times toxic against H. armigera than reference strain Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (HD-I-S-1980) used. Medium was fermented for 72 hours at 30℃ ± 2℃ and 160 rpm. 72 h fermented medium showed 95% - 99% sprulation, with spore yield of 3.97 × 109 spores/ml, and LC50 value to 1st instar larvae of H. armigera was 0.53 μg/ml diet. Preservatives and diluents used in the biopesticide were found to be effective to store at room temperature over a period of 30 months. These observations suggested that the biopesticide produced was effective and highly economical for the industrial scale production to manage H. armigera in Pakistan.