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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Confirmatory Factor Analysis on the Sub-Construct of Teaching Presence’s in the Community of Inquiry

  AUTHORS: M. Khalid M. Nasir, Shahlan Surat, Siti Mistima Maat, Aidah Abd Karim, Md. Yusoff Daud

  KEYWORDS: Community of Inquiry, Teaching Presence, Online Learning, Structural Equation Modelling, Partial Least Square

  JOURNAL NAME: Creative Education, Vol.9 No.14, October 29, 2018

  ABSTRACT: This study aims to re-examine the reliability and validity of three sub-constructsin measuring the level of teaching presence from one of the essential elements in the Community of Inquiry model. The measurement consists of 13 items which are online instructor capability; design and organization, facilitation, and direct instruction. A total of 1938 respondents from a faculty in a public university in Malaysia were selected in the data collection. A cross-sectional survey was applied via online survey and partial least technique was used in analyzing the data. All items were found loaded (0.746 or higher) and all constructs measuring teaching presence had high composite reliability (0.876 or higher) and average variance extracted (0.640 or higher). Thus, a multivariate statistical analysis confirmed the validity and reliability of all items.