Algebraicity of Induced Riemannian Curvature Tensor on Lightlike Warped Product Manifolds ()
1. Introduction
Semi-Riemannian geometry is the study of smooth manifolds with non-degenerate metric signature [1]. Semi-Riemannian geometry includes the Riemannian geometry with a positive definite metric and Lorentzian geometry which is the mathematical theory used in General Relativity.
In 1969, Bishop and O’Neill [2] introduced a new concept of warped product manifolds to construct a rich variety of manifolds with useful applications in General Relativity on the study of cosmological models and black holes. For example, it has been pointed out in [3] that some well-known exact solutions to Einstein field equations are semi-Riemannian warped products.
It is well-known that for any semi-Riemannian (warped product) manifold, there is a natural existence for lightlike subspaces. Thus there exists a particular case of submanifolds namely lightlike (degenerate) [4]. The geometry of lightlike submanifolds is different from the non-lightlike one and rather difficult since its normal vector bundle intersects with the tangent bundle. Due to the degenerate metric induced on a lightlike manifold, the induced connection is not metric and it follows that the Riemannian curvature tensor is not algebraic. Thus, one can not use, in the usual way, the habitual submanifold theory to define any induced object on a degenerate submanifold.
A Riemannian curvature tensor of a semi-Riemannian manifold
is algebraic if it has the following symetry properties
(1)
(2)
.
The notion of curvature is one of the central concepts of differential geometry, one could argue that is the one central on, distinguishing the geometrical core of the subject from those aspects that are analytic, algebraic, or topological [5]. Curvature also plays a key role in physics. The motion of a body in a gravitational field is determined, according to Einstein, by the curvature of space-time.
Since the whole curvature tensor is difficult to handle, the investigation usually focuses on different objects whose properties allow us to recover curvature tensor. One can associate to R an endomorphism on tangent bundle of a manifold [6]. In lightlike geometry, to make such study, we have to ensure that the Riemannian tensor has the algebraic proprties.
Although the lightlike geometry is difficult to study, there are important applications in Physic. In [7] the author used the warped product technique to study a problem concerning of finding a warping function such that the degenerate metric of a globally lightlike warped product manifold admits constant scalar curvature and discovered that this approach has an interplay with the static vaccum solutions of Einstein equation of general relativity.
In this paper, we examine some conditions on lightlike warped product (sub-)manifolds to admit an algebraic curvature tensor. We particularly consider single lightlike warped product (sub-)manifolds and present some technical and characterization results (Proposition 2, Proposition 3, Proposition 4). We establish algebraicity condition for the (induced) Riemannian curvature tensor on lightlike warped product submanifold (Theorm 5, Theorem 6).
2. Basic Notions on Lightlike Geometry
For more details see [4]. Let
be a
-dimensional semi-Riemannian manifold of constant index q such that
and
be a m-dimensional submanifold of
. We assume that both m and k are
. At each point
,
(3)
is the normal space at p. In case
is non-degenerate on
, both
and
are non-degenerate and we have
. If the mapping
(4)
is a smooth distribution with constant rank
, M is said to be lightlike (or lightlike) submanifold of
, with lightlikeity degree r. This mapping is called the radical distribution on M. Any complementary (and hence orthogonal) distribution of
in TM is called a screen distribution. For a fixed screen distribution on M, the tangent bundle splits as
. (5)
is the orthogonal direct sum. A screen transversal vector bundle
on M is any (semi-Riemannian) complementary vector bundle of
in
. It is obvious that both
and
is non-degenerate with respect to
and
(6)
A lightlike submanifold M with lightlikeity degree r equipped with a screen distribution
and a screen transversal vector bundle
is denoted
. It is said to be
1) r-lightlike if
;
2) Coisotropic if
(hence
);
3) Isotropic if
, (hence
);
4) Totally lightlike if
, (hence
).
For any local frame
of
, there exists a local frame
of sections with values in the orthogonal complement of
in
such that
and it follows that there exists a lightlike transversal vector bundle
locally spanned by
.
If we denote by
a (not orthogonal) complementary vector bundle to TM in
, the following relations hold
(7)
(8)
The Gauss and Weingarten formulas are
(9)
(10)
. The components
and
belong to
,
and
to
.
and
are linear connections on TM and the vector bundle
respectively. According to the decomposition (7), let L and S denote the projection morphisms of
onto
and
respectively,
,
where
is the composition law.
and
. The transformations
and
do not define linear connections but Otsuki connections on
with respect to the vector bundle morphisms L and S. Then,
and
we have
(11)
(12)
. (13)
Since
is a metric connection, using (11)-(13) we have
(14)
(15)
Let P the projection morphism of TM onto
. Using the decomposition (5) we get
(16)
. (17)
and
is a metric connection on
.
It follows from (16) and (17) that
(18)
(19)
(20)
Let
and R denote the Riemannian curvature tensors on
and M respectively. The Gauss equation is given by
(21)
. Therefore
(22)
Definition 2.1. [8] A lightlike submanifold
of a semi-Riemannian manifold
is totally umbilical in
if there is a smooth transversal vector field
on M called the transversal curvature vector field of M such that, for all ![]()
(23)
Using (9) and (11) its is easy to see that M is totally umbilical if and only if on each coordinate neighbourhood
there exist smooth vector fields
and
such that
![]()
(24)
Definition 2.2. [8] Let
be a r-lightlike (i.e.
) or a coisotropic m-dimensional submanifold of a
-dimensional semi-Riemannian manifold
. We say that the screen distribution
is totally umbilical if for any section N of
on a coordinate neighbourhood
, there exists a smooth function
on
such that
(25)
Definition 2.3. A coisotropic submanifold
of a semi-Riemannian manifold
is screen locally conformal if the local second fundamental forms of the screen distribution
are related with the local second fundamental form of M as follows:
(26)
where
is a conformal smooth function in a coordinate neighbourhood
in M. In particular, we say that M is sreen homothetic if
is a non-zero constant.
Definition 2.4. Let
and
be semi-Riemannian manifolds and
be positive smooth functions. The multiply warped product
is the product manifold
furnished with the metric tensor
![]()
where
,
are the projection morphisms. The functions
are called the warping functions and
the base manifold of the multiply warped product. Each
is called a fiber manifold.
• If
then we obtain a singly warped product.
• If
for
then we have a muliple product manifold.
• If all
are Riemanniann manifolds then
is also a Riemannian multiply warped product manifold.
is Lorentzian multiply warped product if
are Riemannian and either
is Lorentzian or a one-dimensional manifold with a negative definite metric
.
•
is lightlike (lightlike) with lightlikeity degree r if
is degenerate with
of rank r.
still has rank r and all screen structure on M has dimension
where
is the dimension of any screen structure on
.
For a singly warped product, we have the following:
Proposition 1. [1] On
, if
;
, then,
1)
is the lift of
;
2)
;
3)
is the lift of
;
4)
.
From the previous proposition, one can see that
(27)
Definition 2.5. A lightlike warped product submanifold
of a semi-Riemannian manifold
is called mixed totally geodesic if
for any
and
.
3. Our Main Results
In the following, we consider a lightlike warped product
isometrically immersed in a semi-Riemannian manifold
.
Proposition 2. Let f be a coisotropic isometric immersion of a warped product
into a semi-Riemannian manifold
with the first factor
totally degenerate. Then f is a totally umbilical isometric immersion.
Proof. In case of coisotropic submanifold we have
![]()
Thus
![]()
Then
(28)
that is
where
.
Proposition 3. Any totally umbilical lightlike warped product submanifold of a semi-Riemannian manifold is mixed totally geodesic.
Proof. From the expressions (27) and (2.1), we have
and
i.e
,
,
.
Proposition 4. Let
be a lightlike warped product submanifold of a semi-Riemannian manifold
with
totally degenerate. Then
,
,
we have
1)
;
2)
;
3)
;
4)
;
5)
.
Proof. Let
. From (11) and proposition 1 we have
(29)
From (16) we have
(30)
From (19) and (30) we have
.
Let
. From (13) we have
![]()
Using (11), (16), (29) and (30) we have
. Then
and since
is a metric connexion we have
![]()
Moreover
.
We give the following result on the algebraic properties of the induced Riemannian tensor on lightlike warped product with the first factor totally degenerate.
Theorem 5. Let
be a lightlike submanifold of a semi-Riemannian manifold
equiped by an induced lightlike warperd product metric
with the first factor
totally degenerate. Then the induced Riemannian curvature is an algebraic tensor.
Proof. The result hold from Theorem 3.2 in [9] and proposition 4.
In case of coisotropic warped product of a semi-Riemannian manifold with constant sectional curvature which is conformal screen, we establish the following.
Theorem 6. Let
be a coisotropic isometric immersion of a lightlike warped product into a semi-Riemannian manifold which is a space form such that the lightlike warped product M is conformal screen. Then the induced Riemannian curvature R is an algebraic curvature tensor.
Proof. Since
has constant sectional curvature c, we have
( [1], p. 80). From (22),
, taking account M is conformal screen coisotropic manifold, we have
(31)
It is then obvious that
holds (1) and (2). Consider now Proposition (4),
,
, we have
![]()
![]()
and we infer
to conclude.
4. Conclusion and Suggestions
The algebraicity conditions of the induced Riemannian curvature tensor have been explored in this paper. Some remarkable geometric properties of lightlike warped product submanifolds have been given. From the above results, one can see that the induced Riemannian curvature tensor on lightlike warped product submanifolds with totally null first factor is an algebraic curvator tensor. In the future, we will be studying Osserman conditions on lightlike warped product manifolds.