Switching Regimes in Economics: The Contraction Mapping and the ω-Limit Set ()
1. Introduction
Economic systems may not always satisfy the usual smoothness condition everywhere. In particular, a discontinuity in an economic system may occur due to a change in economic regime or policy implementation. In this paper, we consider an economic system defined by a planar ordinary differential equation with discontinuous right-hand side. Similar dynamical systems are considered in various economic models [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] . For such models, there exists a well developed existence and uniqueness theory [7] . However, little is known about stability results of non-smooth periodic orbits. Moreover, such results depend on the explicit calculation of the periodic orbit and employ a global stability theory based on Poincaré’s map. Since such explicit calculations may not always be possible, we want to establish existence and exponentially asymptotical stability of a nonsmooth periodic orbit without its calculation. The advantage of such a local stability theory would allow economists to derive analytic results for the purpose of economic policy analysis. The theory developed in Stiefenhofer and Giesl [1] allows us to do so. In this paper we study the distance function between two adjacent trajectories and show it’s contraction property in forward time and calculate its ω-limit set. Section two discusses the dynamical system with a switching regime and recalls the theorem introduced in Stiefenhofer and Giesl [1] . Section three states the main results and provides the proofs. Section four is a conclusion.
2. The Model
We consider a differential equation
(1)
where f is a discontinuous function at
and
such that for
we have
(2)
This dynamical system is introduced in Stiefenhofer and Giesl [8] . On the right-hand side, we provide a condition for switching between economic regimes
. For simplicity, we consider only two regimes and an exogenously given switching condition between them. A stability theory for this dynamical system is provided by the following theorem.
Theorem 1 (Stiefenhofer and Giesl [1] , Theorem 2 p. 11). Let
be a compact, connected and positively invariant set with
for all
. Moreover, assume that
are continuous functions and let the orbital derivatives
exist and be continuous functions in
and continuously extendable up to
. Let following conditions hold:
1)
for all
.
2)
for all
with
,
.
Then there is one and only one periodic orbit
. Moreover,
is exponentially asymptotic stable with the real part of the Floquet exponent less or equal
except the trivial one and for its basin of attraction the inclusion
holds.
Stiefenhofer and Giesl [1] derive the conditions 1 - 2 in theorem 1. Condition 1 states that two smooth trajectories contract if the weighted Lyapunov function
is negative. This condition requires that the real part of the Floquet exponent be negative. While this condition does not depend on the periodic orbit itself, however, it requires to find a function
. Condition 2 states a contraction property for the discontinuity points of the dynamical system, where the system switches. This condition depends on the vector field
and some function
, and is hence independent of the periodic orbit itself. We now investigate the contraction property of the metric function between adjacent solutions, and calculate the ω-limit set of the periodic orbit. The details of how to derive these conditions are given in [8] . In principle, however, our method is a generalization of Borg [9] , which introduces the concept of a contraction mapping between adjacent trajectories in the following way:
We want to show that
is a sufficient condition for two adjacent trajectories to move towards each other. For example, consider the points
and
in the phase space. Let
,
, and
. Then in order for two adjacent trajectories through the points x and
to move towards each other it must hold that
(3)
(4)
(5)
where
(6)
Hence, if
then locally, two adjacent trajectories move towards each other. See Figure 1. Borg provides the following theorem under slightly different assumptions:
Theorem 2 (Version of Borg [9] ) Let
be a compact, connected and positively invariant set which contains no equilibrium. Let
hold for all
with
(7)
where
(8)
Then there exists one and only one periodic orbit
.
is exponentially asymptotically stable and its basin of attraction
contains K.
3. Results
We now consider the time interval
in Figure 2 and show that the distance between two adjacent solutions decreases. We also show that for two nearby points x and
in K that the ω-limit set is the same.
We define a time-dependent distance function
between two adjacent points x and
by
(9)
where
,
are two adjacent (non)smooth trajectories, and
is a monotone increasing map for the time structure presented in Figure 2.
Theorem 3. Let the assumptions of theorem 1 hold. Then there are constants
and
such that for all
and for all
with
(10)
Moreover, we have
(11)
Proof.
We now show the contraction property of the distance function.
We show that
defined over a smooth time interval is strictly larger than
defined over the same time interval including the subsequent time interval.
We show that the distance function is decreasing for all positive time.
By equations (2.17) and (2.30) in Stiefenhofer [8] we have
(12)
(13)
See time structure notation of the graph of
in Figure 2. Equations (12) and (13) show the contraction rate
over each jumping interval in +/− and in −/+ direction. We now state similar equations for the smooth intervals with contraction rate
. We have
(14)
(15)
We consider the time interval
. Hence by equation (12) and equation (14) we obtain
(16)
We define
(17)
(18)
where constants
are defined by
(19)
For the constant
we consider
. From
(20)
and
(21)
we obtain by
(22)
Equation (16) with bounds (17) and (18) and extension of time interval
yields
(23)
Since
we can choose
small enough so that
gets as close to
as we wish. From
(24)
(25)
we have
(26)
which generalizes to
, by
(27)
This shows (10). It remains to show (11).
Now, we show that all points
with
,
, and
have the same ω-limit set as the point x. We first show the inclusion
. Assume there is a
. Then we have a strictly increasing sequence
satisfying
as
. Because of condition (10) of proposition 3 and the properties of
in Figure 2 there is a sequence
that satisfies
(28)
and
(29)
This proves that
and
.
We now show that the inclusion
. Assume there is a
. Then we have a strictly increasing sequence
satisfying
as
. Because of condition (10) of proposition 3 and properties of
in Figure 2 there is a sequence
that satisfies
as
. This proves that
and
.
This concludes the proof of proposition 3.
Proposition 4. Let the assumptions of theorem 1 be satisfied. Then for all
(30)
Proof. Let
. Since for all
we have
, which is a compact set, hence
(31)
Now, pick an arbitrary point
. By proposition 3 we have
for all y in a neighbourhood of x. Hence
(32)
(33)
are open sets. Since
and
with K connected, it must be that
is empty and
.
4. Conclusion
Differential equations are ubiquitous in economics. Economic regimes, where there is a switching between them, fit particularly well within the framework of differential equations with discontinuous right-hand side, where the discontinuity represents the switching condition. In this paper, we assume an exogenous switching condition. However, this can without loss of generality be generalized by modelling the explicit economic context. The novelty of the stability theory discussed in this paper is that it is independent of the explicit solution of the system. This is a major advantage of our theory. However, it requires defining a weight function W, which may not always be easy. In particular, the paper shows that a distance function between two adjacent trajectories contracts in forward time over both, smooth and nonsmooth parts of the periodic orbit, where the dynamical system is discontinuous. It also shows that for two adjacent initial points the ω-limit set of nonsmooth period orbits is the same. Stiefenhofer and Giesl provide an example of the theory discussed in this paper [10] and compare it to global stability theory [11] . Further research should investigate the full basin of attraction of this model. Such a result would allow economists to fully characterize the set of initial conditions of exponentially asymptotically stable periodic orbits and to hence perform effective policy analysis.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Editor and the referee for their comments. EPSRC Research Grant (Engineering and Physical Science Research Council, 2011-2016), 1091684, Stability in Nonsmooth Systems with Applications to Biomechanics. This support is greatly appreciated.