Ocular Findings of Cryptococcal Meningitis in HIV-AIDS Patients ()
1. Introduction
The most common life-threatening fungal pathogen that affects patients with HIV-AIDS is Cryptococcus neoformans [1] [2] . It is the most important cause of fungal meningoencephalitis in Latin America, with 85% of cases caused by ˚C. neoformans [3] [4] ; 80% are associated with HIV infection [5] [6] . Although the number of cases is less with the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART), it remains a significant cause of mortality in these patients.
Ocular involvement with visual changes is reported in near one-third of HIV-AIDS infected patients. Papilledema is the most common ocular involvement due to cryptococcal infection in HIV-positive [7] [8] . Several manifestations can occur such as oculomotor palsies, diplopia, nistagmus, sixth nerve palsy, opthalmolplegia and ptosis [9] [10] . Intraocular manifestations include choroiditis, chorioretinitis, vitritis, endophthalmitis, and neuroretinitis [11] [12] .
Vision loss may be due to yeasts infiltration of optic nerve, increased intracranial pressure, inflammatory compression of the optic nerve, adhesive arachnoiditis, amphotericin B toxicity, cerebral vasculitis among other things [13] [14] [15] .
We describe the ophthalmic characteristics, clinical course and visual prognosis of HIV-AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis.
2. Materials and Methods
This was a retrospective study conducted in HIV-AIDS diagnosed outpatients treated at Dos de Mayo Hospital, Peru between April 2004 and December 2014. The author obtained the approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee before the study began.
Demographics, HIV infection history, CD4 T cell counts, plasma HIV viral load, ART therapy, associated diseases, cryptococcal meningitis clinical symptoms (headache, papilledema), relapses and visual complaints data were obtained.
Diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis was based in CSF analysis, Chinese dye and culture. CSF opening pressure was recorded.
All these variables were collected in a SPSS 22 data base and descriptive statistics were performed.
3. Results
2527 HIV- AIDS outpatients were evaluated. 23 had cryptococcal meningitis diagnosis but only 18 were included in the study because they had a full clinical record. They were 16 men and 2 women. The range of age was 24 - 51 and median 33 years. Three patients had been treated with ART. Tuberculosis (TB) was the most frequent associated disease with 5 cases (27.7%), followed by cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR), 2 cases (11.1%), one patient had TB, CMVR and Kaposi Sarcoma. Cryptoccocal meningitis relapses were present in 5 (27.8%). Two patients had two and three episodes of relapses respectively. CD4 T cells count below 50 was the most prevalent in 11 (61%). Table 1 shows the demograpic characteristics of patients.
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Table 1. Demographics characteristics.
Thirteen had ocular symptoms, low visual acuity was present in the half of cases and diplopia in 2 (11.1%). Moreover, 13 (72.2%) of them coursed with headache and 2 (11.1%) with papilledema. In eleven cases; CSF opening pressure had been reported, the range was 18 - 350 cc H2O, the mean 67.6. CSF culture was obtained in 11 patients. It was positive in 7 (38.9%). Indian ink was positive in 16 (88.9%). Only three patients had a Computed Tomography (CT) result, cerebral oedema, cerebritis and normal CT respectively. Table 2 summarizes the main clinical symptoms, signs and diagnostic studies.
Blindness was reported in 4 eyes. One patient had bilateral blindness caused by trauma and the other two had unilateral blindness, CMVR and trauma respectively. Only five patients had follow-up. The longest follow-up time was 120 months, the median 20.67 months.
4. Discussion
Cryptococcal meningitis, is one of the leading opportunistic infections in the developing world. Latin America is the third global region with most cases with 54,400 estimated cryptococcal meningitis cases annually in 2008 [2] . Its prevalence varies from 6% to 10% in Brazil [16] , more than 15% in Africa [17] and 5.6% in Peru [18] .
It is estimated that 5%, of these patients would have lost their eyesight and spent the last six months of their lives either partially or totally blind [19] .
The affected population had an average of 33 years, similar to that reported by Canelo in Peru [20] , Monaco in Argentina [21] and Ordoñez in Colombia [22] .
A low CD4 cell count is the main predictor of risk of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis [23] . In this study 61% had a cell count below 50 cells/microL. Signs and symptoms of presentation may vary according to The host with headache more frequently observed in HIV AIDS patients [10] , 72.2% of our patients coursed with headache and 2 (11.1%) with papilledema.
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Table 2. Clinical symptoms, signs and diagnostic studies.
The worst course of headache, papilledema, visual and hearing loss and increased mortality of this opportunistic complication increases in patients with high CSF opening pressure [8] [24] , Indian ink positive anda higher number of relapses [10] . In this study mean CSF opening pressure was high 67.6 cc H2O, and 45% of them had a CSF opening pressure > 35 cc H2O, higher values compared with previous studies [8] [25] ; cryptococcal meningitis relapses in 5 (27.8%) and Indian ink was positive in 16 (88.9%).
The etiology of visual complications associated with cryptococcal meningitis remains unclear. Possible explanations for visual loss include elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure, direct infiltration of the optic nerve or optic tracts by the fungus, inflammatory compression of the optic nerve, adhesive arachnoiditis [13] [14] [15] .
In this study there was no blindness related with cryptococcal meningitis but for other causes, trauma and CMVR. This finding is not according with studies carry on undeveloped areas [19] perhaps explained this because the follow-up was very short in most patients.
Despite the fact that free ART is available in Peru since 2004, which would lead us to think about the reduction of opportunistic infections, the reduced number of patients in this group that received it (17%) highlights the socio-economic and cultural barriers to access ART and fight against the reduction of HIV-AIDS and its complications.
Cryptococcal meningitis is a serious threat for HIV-AIDS patients and justifies further studies to know the reality of each population.
5. Conclusion
The ophthalmologic findings were described in 18 patients with HIV-AIDS peruvian patients with cryptococcal meningitis. 61% had CD4 T cells count below 50 cells/microL and TB was the most frequent associated disease (27%). Only 17% received ART. Despite the high values of CSF opening pressure, no cases of blindness caused by cryptococcal meningitis were found.
Aknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the assistance provided by Norma Pletikosic Silva in revising the text.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.