Development and Performance Study of Controlled Atmosphere for Fresh Tomato ()
Received 17 January 2016; accepted 3 May 2016; published 6 May 2016
1. Introduction
Tomato is one of the most freshly consumed climacteric fruits, playing significant role in human nutrition for its vitamins, minerals, lycopene, β-Carotene and other bioactive constituents [1] [2] . Tomatoes are largely grown in winter season but summer variety tomato is newly developed variety in Bangladesh. This climacteric fruit is rich source of lycopene, which plays against freeradicals and different types of cancer [3] . In Bangladesh, tomatoes are consumed most in salad, sauce, pickles, chantey and other products. Usually, tomato is harvested at fully mature stage. Being climacteric fruit, tomato possesses short shelf-life, usually 8 - 12 days. Fruit quality attributes mainly size, shape, color and firmness greatly influence consumers acceptance during this short life span.
Post-harvest loss of climacteric fruits and vegetables is directly related to post-harvest operations. Again, mechanical damage, inadequate storage system, rough handling and improper transportation system are also associated with post-harvest loss of fresh fruits [4] . On the other hand, physiological changes in tomato such as discoloration, alteration of respiratory metabolism, change in flavor and softening of texture affect the quality of fresh tomato during post-harvest operations [5] - [8] .
Several studies have been carried out to extend the shelf-life of tomato including use of permitted chemicals, inhibition or slowdown of respiration by low temperature, modified or controlled atmosphere [9] . The effects of using chemicals as post-harvest treatment on human health are still unknown. Controlled atmosphere (CA) is found to be effective in hindering the ethylene production, activities of enzyme and lowering ripening process as well as senescence of climacteric fruits [10] [11] . Most of fresh horticultural products are found to respond favorably to controlled atmosphere in extending the shelf-life with nutritional quality [12] . CA storage system does not affect the antioxidant activity of apple differently from storage in ambient condition [13] . For storing avocado fruit in controlled atmosphere, no effects of CA storage on human health are reported in an earlier study [14] .
Estimation says that postharvest loss of tomato in developing countries is almost 20% - 25% [7] . Lack of storage facility is prime reason behind the spoilage of huge amount of fresh tomato in Bangladesh. Therefore, a large amount of tomato is found to be sold at cheap rate during peak season. Reduction of postharvest loss and extension of shelf-life of tomato are necessary to recover the grower’s cost. If it is possible to supply any economic and easy preservation method to the growers, it will minimize the losses of tomatoes besides with contributing to the national GDP. Moreover, controlled atmosphere can be best option in this case. Even, farmers are not familiar with controlled atmosphere in Bangladesh but it can be easily developed using local raw materials. Locally developed controlled atmosphere can be effectively used for preserving small or large scale agricultural produces.
However, there is no research work regarding controlled atmosphere for storage of fresh tomato in Bangladesh. This research work was designed to study the storage performance of tomatoes stored at different conditions and develop an economical controlled atmosphere storage system for tomato.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design of Controlled Atmosphere Plant
2.1.1. Storage Chamber
The dimensions of the storage chamber were selected 4.5 × 4.5 × 4.5 ft by making similarities with the experiment of CA storage for bananas [15] . The storage chamber was firstly structured by 1.5 inch PVC pipe and joints. Then polyethylene film of 140 gsm and 5 ft roll width was used for constructing the wall of the storage chamber (Figure 1(a)).
2.1.2. Air Purifier Chamber
The air purifier chamber was made by timber (2' × 1" × 2') having dimensions 2 × 2 × 2 ft. This dimension was fixed with respect to storage chamber. The two chambers were joined by PVC pipe of 6 inch dia. And two fans of dia. 12" and 8" were also used at both the inlet and outlet sides of the storage chamber (Figure 1(a)).
2.2. Operating the Controlled Atmosphere
The basic principle of preservation of fresh fruits and vegetables in the CA is maintaining higher the amount CO2 and lower amount O2 than normal composition of air. Optimum storage temperature and RH for the desired product were also maintained. For the sake of above operating principle, an air flow of 1 - 1.5 cfm/min/btu should be maintained and the chemicals or such arrangement is required for purifying the circulating air and also closed it for leak proof (Figure 1(b)).
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(b)
Figure 1. (a) Controlled atmosphere plant; (b) Fresh tomato in developed controlled atmosphere plant.
2.3. Sample Collection
Fresh and fully mature tomatoes were harvested manually from the research field of Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur. Harvested tomatoes were then sorted out to get almost similar tomatoes for further use as raw material in this research.
2.4. Storage of Tomato under Different Conditions
Sorted tomatoes were stored in two different storage conditions namely, refrigeration and controlled atmosphere condition. In refrigerated condition, tomatoes were weighed and kept in the refrigerator with low density polyethylene bags. In controlled atmosphere plant, tomatoes were kept at temperature of 20˚C with RH of 75% - 80%. Antioxidant in the rate of 1% of product weight was applied in the wooden chamber in perforated bag and the air flow was maintained 1 - 1.5 cfm/min/Btu.
2.5. Physico-Chemical Analysis
Degree of maturity was measured with color change where color was measured by comparing with color chart and scored them with numeric value. Weight loss of tomato was calculated by differences between initial weight and final weight divided by initial weight at three days interval of storage period. Total soluble solids of tomato was measured using refractometer according to standard method of AOAC [16] . The pH of tomatoes was determined using pH meter according to method of Rangana [17] .
2.6. Statistical Analysis
Obtained data from physico-chemical analysis were statistically analyzed by one way ANOVA using SPSS program (version 20). DMRT was applied to differentiate the mean value significantly with a significance level of 5%.
3. Results and Discussion
The shelf life of tomatoes varied under different storage conditions. The higher shelf life of tomatoes was observed as 42 days under controlled atmosphere condition and followed by 35 days of storage life at refrigeration condition.
3.1. Degree of Maturity
Degree of maturity relates to bio-chemical process of living cells. Regarding fresh horticultural products, degree of maturity would be increased with the storage period. Degree of maturity of stored tomato was expressed in numeric value and presented in Figure 2.
As expected, higher degree of maturity was observed in stored tomatoes in both of storage conditions. Before third week of storage, degree of maturity in refrigeration condition was lower than controlled atmosphere but at the end of storage period, it was slightly higher than observed in controlled atmosphere (Figure 2).
3.2. Degree of Color
In storage study, degree of color is one of the important quality parameters. Color development of fruits depends on the ethylene production and ethylene production largely depends on storage condition. Color development of tomatoes in terms of numeric value in two different storage conditions is shown in Figure 3. Color development of tomato stored in refrigeration condition was not observed in first week of storage and it started in second week but rate was lower than observed in controlled atmosphere. However, same rate of color development was observed under both of storage conditions in third week of storage period. Finally, lower color development in tomato was observed in controlled condition at the end of storage condition (Figure 3).
3.3. Total Soluble Solids
Change in total soluble solids content in tomatoes stored in two different conditions are shown in Figure 4.
It was found that TSS increased in both of storage conditions. Data revealed that there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in TSS content in tomatoes stored in both of two conditions up to 21 days of storage. At last two weeks of storage period, TSS increased significantly (p < 0.05) in tomatoes stored in refrigeration condition than stored in modified condition. This result was in agreement with the findings of Znidarcic et al. [18] who also reported increased soluble solids content in tomato stored in refrigeration condition. Degradation of polysaccharide was reported as possible reason of increasing soluble solids content in fruits with the increase of maturity [19] . However, from the view of storage quality, developed controlled atmosphere plat retained the ripening process of tomato effectively in this study.
3.4. pH
Change in pH value in stored tomatoes is shown in Figure 5. As seen in Figure 5, pH value decreased in both of storage conditions during the first seven days of storage. After first week of storage, pH value was found to be increased in stored tomatoes under both of two conditions. Significant (p < 0.05) difference in pH value in
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Figure 2. Change in maturity in stored tomatoes.
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Figure 3. Color development in stored tomatoes.
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Figure 4. Change in total soluble solids in stored tomatoes.
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Figure 5. Change in pH in stored tomatoes.
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Figure 6. Weight loss of stored tomatoes.
stored tomatoes under both of conditions was not observed during the 35 days of storage study. However, pH increased at a higher rate in stored tomatoes under controlled atmosphere during the last week of storage study. This result was in line with the findings of Castro et al. [20] who reported that pH increased with the increase of degree of maturity.
3.5. Weight Loss
Weight loss during storage is directly related to storage temperature and period. It is resulted because of moisture loss through transpiration. However, weight loss of fresh tomato during storage period was found almost linear under both of storage conditions (Figure 6). The rate of weight loss was higher in controlled atmosphere during first week of storage period than refrigeration condition. From second week of storage period, weight loss was observed to be faster in refrigeration condition compared to controlled atmosphere. At the end of 35 days of storage, tomato stored in refrigeration experienced 12.81% weight loss, whereas weight loss of 9.74% was recorded in controlled atmosphere. In addition, weight loss of 12.8% was observed in controlled atmosphere after 42 days of storage study. According to Znidarcic et al. [19] , weight loss of 18.7% was observed in tomatoes stored in 10˚C for 28 days.
4. Summary and Conclusion
Shelf-life of fresh tomatoes could be extended in refrigeration condition, but only lowering the temperature was not very much effective to maintain storage quality. Under refrigeration condition, continuous biosynthesis process due to high amount of oxygen level caused conversion of polysaccharides, which resulted in increasing amount of TSS and softening of tomatoes.
One of most important outcomes of this research that locally developed controlled atmosphere (CA) plant using cheap construction materials and L-ascorbic acid as an oxygen inhibitor was effective storage condition to extend the shelf-life of fresh tomatoes. Nevertheless, it could be suggested that if it was possible to maintain 1% antioxidant of tomato weight, 85% - 90% RH at storage temperature 18˚C - 20˚C or below but not less than 10˚C in CA, it would increase the shelf life 2 to 3 times more than current result. Therefore, controlled atmosphere could be introduced for increasing the shelf-life with minimum physiological changes and weight loss than normal atmosphere as well as refrigeration condition.
NOTES
*Corresponding author.