Chemical Degradation of Indigo Potassium Tetrasulfonate Dye by Advanced Oxidation Processes

Veronica Camargo¹, Elba Ortiz^1*, Hugo Solis¹, Carlos M. Cortes-Romero², Sandra Loera-Serna¹, Carlos J. Perez¹

¹Department of Basic Sciences, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Azcapotzalco, Mexico City, Mexico.
²Division of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Universidad Politecnica del Valle de México, Estado de Mexico, Mexico.

DOI: 10.4236/jep.2014.513128                

Abstract

The experimental degradation of a water soluble dye, potassium indigo tetrasulfonate salt, has been studied using stand-alone ozonation and photocatalytic oxidation process. Progress of the dye oxidation was followed by UV-VIS spectrophotometric measurements at controlled operating conditions. The organic content of reaction samples was measured to verify the process efficiency in dye mineralization. According to current results, almost complete color removal was obtained for ozonation within about 1 h reaction time. The reduction of the organic load was almost 80% from its original while initial sulphur content decreased to 32.5%. Dye conversion of 100% was obtained by means of a photocatalytic process using TiO₂ as catalyst at 294 nm irradiated UV light. This complete color removal for the catalytic process was observed within 7 min of reaction time. The calculated initial rate of reaction of photocatalysis treatment was 8 times faster than that of ozonolysis. However, the remaining organic load of photocatalysis was almost 88% from its original while the final sulphur content was 27.3%. This contrasting behavior of the performance of the type of oxidation process stressed importance of physicochemical phenomena and intermediates molecules present during dye degradation. An insightful and mechanistic aspect of the dye oxidation was developed by performing quantumchemical calculations.

Keywords

Indigo Potassium Tetrasulfonate, Advanced Oxidation Processes, Chemical Degradation, Theoretical Calculations

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Mansilla, H.D., Lizama, C., Gutarra, A. and Rodriguez, J. (2001) Treatment of Liquid Waste from the Pulp and Textiles. Blesa, M., Ed., CYTED VIII-G, Buenos Aires, Chapter 13. http://www.aguasinfronteras.org/PDF/DESINFECCION%20Y%20DESCONTAMINACION.pdf
[2]	Yonar, T. (2011) Decolorisation of Textile Dyeing Effluents Using Advanced Oxidation Processes. Hauser, P.J., Ed., Environmental Engineering Department, Uludag University, Bursa. http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/22391.pdf
[3]	INEGI: National Institute of Statistics and Geography (2010-2011) The Textile and Clothing Industry in Mexico. Serie Sector Statistics.
[4]	Bazin, I., Hassine, A.I.H., Hamouda, Y.H., Mnif, W., Bartegi, A., Ferber, M.L., Waard, M. and Gonzalez, C. (2012) Estrogenic and Anti-Estrogenic Activity of 23 Commercial Textile Dyes. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 85, 131-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.08.003
[5]	Zhao, Y.H., Zhang, X.J., Wen, Y., Sun, F.T., Guo, Z., Qin, W.C., Qin, H.W., Xu, J.L., Sheng, L.X. and Abraham, M.H. (2010) Toxicity of Organic Chemicals to Tetrahymena pyriformis: Effect of Polarity and Ionization on Toxicity. Chemosphere, 79, 72-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.055
[6]	Hisaindee, S., Meetani, M.A. and Rauf, M.A. (2013) Application of LC-MS to the Analysis of Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) Degradation of Dye Products and Reaction Mechanisms. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 49, 31-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2013.03.011
[7]	Chong, M.N., Jin, B., Chow, C.W.K. and Saint, C. (2010) Recent Developments in Photocatalytic Water Treatment Technology: A Review. Water Research, 44, 2997-3027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.039
[8]	Agustina, T.E., Ang, H.M. and Vareek, V.K. (2005) A Review of Synergistic Effect of Photocatalysis and Ozonation on Wastewater Treatment: A Review. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, 6, 264-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2005.12.003
[9]	Chong, M.N., Sharma, A.K., Burn, S. and Saint, C.P. (2012) Feasibility Study on the Application of Advanced Oxidation Technologies for Decentralised Wastewater Treatment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 35, 230-238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.06.003
[10]	Gómez-Solis, C., Juarez-Ramirez, I., Moctezuma, E. and Torres-Martinez, L.M. (2012) Photodegradation of Indigo Carmine and Methylene Blue Dyes in Aqueous Solution by SiC-TiO2 Catalysts Prepared by Sol-Gel. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 217-218, 194-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.Jhazmat.2012.03.019
[11]	Sajan, C.P., Basavalingu, B., Ananda, S. and Byrappa, K. (2011) Comparative Study on the Photodegradation of Indigo Carmine Dye Using Commercial TiO2 and Natural Rutile. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 77, 82-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12594-011-0010-y
[12]	Zhao, Y. and Truhlar, D.G. (2008) The M06 Suite of Density Functionals for Main Group Thermochemistry, Kinetics, Noncovalent Interactions, Excited States, and Transition Elements: Two New Functionals and Systematic Testing of Four M06 Functionals and Twelve Other Functionals. Theoretical Chemistry Accounts, 120, 215-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00214-007-0310-x
[13]	Zhao, Y., Schultz, N.E. and Truhlar, D.G. (2005) Exchange-Correlation Functional with Broad Accuracy for Metallic and Nonmetallic Compounds, Kinetics, and Noncovalent Interactions. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 123, Article ID: 161103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2126975
[14]	Frisch, M.J., Trucks, G.W., Schlegel, H.B., Scuseria, G.E., Robb, M.A., Cheeseman, J.R., Scalmani, G., Barone, V., Mennucci, B., Petersson, G.A., Nakatsuji, H., Caricato, M., Li, X., Hratchian, H.P., Izmaylov, A.F., Bloino, J., Zheng, G., Sonnenberg, J.L., Hada, M., Ehara, M., Toyota, K., Fukuda, R., Hasegawa, J., Ishida, M., Nakajima, T., Honda, Y., Kitao, O., Nakai, H., Vreven, T., Montgomery Jr., J.A., Peralta, J.E., Ogliaro, F., Bearpark, M., Heyd, J.J., Brothers, E., Kudin, K.N., Staroverov, V.N., Kobayashi, R., Normand, J., Raghavachari, K., Rendell, A., Burant, J.C., Iyengar, S.S., Tomasi, J., Cossi, M., Rega, N., Millam, N.J., Klene, M., Knox, J.E., Cross, J.B., Bakken, V., Adamo, C., Jaramillo, J., Gomperts, R., Stratmann, R.E., Yazyev, O., Austin, A.J., Cammi, R., Pomelli, C., Ochterski, J.W., Martin, R.L., Morokuma, K., Zakrzewski, V.G., Voth, G.A., Salvador, P., Dannenberg, J.J., Dapprich, S., Daniels, A.D., Farkas, O., Foresman, J.B., Ortiz, J.V., Cioslowski, J. and Fox, D.J. (2009) Gaussian 09, Revision A.1. Gaussian, Wallingford.
[15]	Rauf, M.A. and Ashraf, S.S. (2009) Fundamental Principles and Application of Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes in Solution. Chemical Engineering Journal, 151, 10-18. http://dx.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.02.026
[16]	McMurry, J. (2008) Organic Chemistry. 7th Edition, Thomson Brooks Cole.