Extended (G'/G) Method Applied to the Modified Non-Linear Schrodinger Equation in the Case of Ocean Rogue Waves

Atock A. Nwatchok Stéphane^1*, Daika Augustin², Mbane Biouélé César²

¹Department of Mathematics and Physics, National Advanced School of Engeneering, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon.
²Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.

DOI: 10.4236/ojms.2014.44023                

Abstract

The existence of rogue (or freak) waves is now universally recognized and material proofs on the extent of damage caused by these ocean’s phenomena are available. Marine observations as well as laboratory experiments show exactly that rogue waves occur in deep and shallow water. To study the behavior of freak waves in terms of their space and time evolution, that is, their motion and also in terms of mechanical transformations that these systems may suffer in their dealings with other systems, we derive a modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation modeling the propagation of rogue waves in deep water in order to seek analytic solutions of this nonlinear partial differential equation by using generalized extended G'/G-expansion method with the aid of mathematica. Particular attentions have been paid to the behavior of rogue wave’s amplitude which highlights rogue wave’s destructive power.

Keywords

Deep Water, Generalized Extended G'/G-Expansion Method, Rogue Waves

1. Introduction

During many centuries, rogue waves, unexpectedly high wave, strongly localized in space-time, have been widely reported all over the world. For a long time, they were thought to be a part of marine folklore, but with the development of instrumental measurements their existence has become evident and has been scientifically proven [1] - [4] . An important milestone in the understanding of rogue wave dynamics occurred in 2001, when two European Space Agency satellites detected more than 10 individual giant waves over 25 m high during only three weeks of monitoring of the world’s ocean [5] [6] . This evidence demonstrated that rogue events are not unique and highly improbable but occur regularly in the random wave field. Such extreme events are believed to have caused a number of marine accidents with subsequent pollution of large coastal areas, ship damage and human casualties [7] [8] .

The understanding of extreme and rogue waves have significantly advanced recently. A number of extreme and rogue wave studies have been conducted theoretically, numerically, experimentally based on field data [9] - [22] . It has been demonstrated that the contribution of high order nonlinear mechanisms such as the modulational instability of uniform wave packets [23] [24] may give rise to substantially higher waves than that predicted by common second order wave models [25] [26] .

Some authors [27] [28] are attempting to discover the probability of their appearances as well as studying the mechanism of their formation. Others have found exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equation (NLEEs) and have explained rogue waves phenomenon [29] -[32] .

Recently, Wang et al. [33] introduced an expansion technique called the (G'/G)-expansion method and demonstrated that it was a powerful technique for seeking analytic solutions of nonlinear partial differential equations. Bekir [34] and Zedan [35] applied this method to obtain travelling wave solutions of various equations. A generalization of the method was given by Zhang et al. [36] . Also, Zhang et al. [37] made a further extension of the method for the evolution equations with variable coefficients.

The main aim of this paper is to seek exact solutions of modified nonlinear Schrodinger equation modeling the propagation of rogue waves in deep water with extended G'/G-expansion method. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we describe the extended (G'/G)-expansion method to seek travelling wave solutions of nonlinear evolution equations and give the main steps of the method. In Section 3, we illustrate the method in detail with the modified non-linear Schrodinger equation in deep water. In Section 4, some conclusions are given.

2. Description of the Extended (G'/G)-Expansion Method

In this section, we describe the main steps of the extended (G'/G)-expansion method for finding travelling wave solutions of nonlinear evolution equations.

Suppose that we have a nonlinear partial differential equation for in the form:

(1)

where is a polynomial in its arguments. The essence of this approach can be formulated as follows:

Step 1. Find travelling wave solutions of Equation (1) by taking and transform Equation (1) to the ordinary differential equation:

(2)

where prime denotes the derivative with respect to.

Step 2. If possible, integrate Equation (2) term by term one or more times. This yields constant(s) of integration. For simplicity, the integration constant(s) can be set to zero.

Step 3. Introduce the solution of Equation (2) in the finite series form:

(3)

where are real constants with to be determine, is a positive integer to be determined. The function is the solution of auxiliary linear ordinary differential equation:

(4)

where and are real constants to be determined.

Step 4. Determine. This, usually, can be accomplished by balancing the linear term(s) of highest order with the highest order nonlinear term(s) in Equation (2).

Step 5. Substitute (3) together with (4) into Equation (2) yields an algebraic set equation involving powers of. Equating the coefficients of each power of to zero gives a system of algebraic equations for, , and. Then, we solve the system with the aid Mathematica to determine the constants. On the other hand, depending on the sign of the discriminant, the solutions of Equation (4) are well known for us. So, we can obtain exact solutions of Equation (1).

3. Application

Deep-water irrotational gravity waves propagating at the surface of an inviscid incompressible fluid are governed at third order in amplitude, by an equation first derived by Zakharov [38] :

(5)

where, and is Krasitskii’s kernel [39] .

The modified nonlinear Schrodinger equation [40] obtained from Equation (5) is given by:

(6)

where the different coefficient are given by:

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

and

(13)

and are respectively the frequency and the wave number of the carrier wave. Since is a complex function, it can be taken as:

(14)

an introduce a new variable :

(15)

Replacing Equation (14) into Equation (6), separating the real and imaginary part and using the relation (15) leads to a system of equations:

(16)

(17)

Now we make an ansatz (3) for the solution of Equations (16) and (17). By balancing the terms and, and in Equations (16) and (17) yields the leading order. Therefore, we can write the solution of Equation (16) and Equation (17) in an extended symmetric form:

(18)

(19)

where and satisfies the second-order ordinary differential Equation (4). By using Equation (4), Equation (18) and Equation (19), we derive:

(20)

(21)

(22)

(23)

(24)

(25)

Substituting these expressions into Equations (16) and (17), we collect and setting all terms of the same power of to zero, and then solve the resulting system we obtain:

(26)

(27)

(28)

The ODE Equation (4) may then be solved exactly and admits the following solutions:

(29)

(30)

(31)

With:

, , and (32)

where and are arbitrary constants, we therefore obtain three categories of travelling wave solutions that propagate in deep water [41] :

First type. Hyperbolic functions travelling wave solutions.

a) if and, we have:

(33)

Then:

(34)

(35)

If Equations (34) and (35) can be expressed in the well-known solitary wave solution of the KdV equation as follows:

(36)

(37)

b) if and, we have:

(38)

(39)

(40)

Second type. Trigonometric functions travelling wave solutions.

c) if and, we have:

(41)

Then:

(42)

(43)

d) if and, we have:

(44)

Then:

(45)

(46)

Third type. Rational functions travelling wave solutions.

e) if, we have:

(47)

Then:

(48)

(49)

Hyperbolic and trigonometric solutions can also be express in the form [42] - [46] :

(50)

with

(51)

with

We are on deep water, the behavior of the ocean cant not be determine exactly. We don’t know the form that wave will takes. All cases are possible. The Figures 1-3 show the behavior of the exact solution of the modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation modeling the propagation of rogue waves in deep water for certain values of the system parameters. The squared modulus of the amplitude of the wave is plots versus the coordinates ad for a given value of time.

The snapshot of Figure 1 is a typical representation of one pulse-type solutions [47] , proof that the solutions thus obtained are general and take into account the solutions already existing in the open literature. When the system parameters vary, there is a sudden variation in the amplitude of wave Figure 2 and Figure 3. These results allow us to confirm the fact that the amplitudes of waves may vary in exceptional cases by simply changing a parameter of the system, take us with amplitude of one to over one hundred without any trial. These results re-

Figure 1. One pulse with low amplitude., , , , , ,.

Figure 2. One pulse with large amplitude presented like a barrier., , , , , ,.

Figure 3. One pulse with large amplitude presented like a giant saw., , , , , ,.

flect very well the situation encountered by sailors in ocean: the free surface of a body of deep water just move from a situation of absolute calm to the appearance of a gigantic wall of water [48] . Figure 2 and Figure 3 are as gigantic barrier 2 have a regular summit while 3 has a peak saw tooth which allow us to conclude that in most cases, the tops of the waves is not regular. When these kinds of waves propagate at high speed and collided with a tanker or striking an oil platform, these structures will be send to the mat with frightening speed and efficiency. Freaks waves arise abruptly, when one of the form 2 or 3 surprises ships from below, it behaves like a giant saw, cutting steel look like a knife on the butter or breaks it in two because the cumulative effects of their considerable height and wavelength literally raised the ship from both ends. It central part is then in vacuum, or at least less driven by water and would then be subjected to enormous stresses.

4. Conclusion

In this paper, generalized extended (G'/G)-expansion method is used to obtain the exact solutions of modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation in deep water. Particular attentions have been paid to the amplitude of the found solutions and to the relationship between dynamics of these solutions and some characteristics of extreme abnormal sea wave with abnormal shape. The solutions are expressed in the form of hyperbolic functions, trigonometric functions and rational solutions from which some special solutions including the known solitary wave solution are derived by setting appropriate values for the parameter. Compared with other methodologies mentioned in introduction, this method is direct, concise, elementary and it can be implemented in more complicated nonlinear equations by using symbolic computations. One pulse with large amplitude presented like a barrier or like a giant saw are very dangerous for sailors, offshore oil platforms and coastal structures. The representation on this paper give partially the reasons of the damage caused on the hulls of super tankers when they collide with this crazy waves like that in Figure 4 and Figure 5.

Figure 4. Profile view of damage caused on energy endurance [49] .

Figure 5. The WILSTAR Norvegian cargo boat hit by a rogue waves [49] .

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Conrad Bertrand TABI for useful discussions and for valuable comments on this work during it progression.

NOTES

^*Corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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