1. Introduction
Renewable energy was strongly encouraged. It doesn’t produce emissions either provided by the sun, wind, waterfalls or plant growth. They participate in the fight against the greenhouse effect and CO2 emissions in the atmosphere, facilitate rational management of local resources, and also create jobs. Solar (solar photovoltaic, solar thermal), hydro, wind, biomass, geothermal energy are inexhaustible resource of energy versus “energy stock” from fossil fuels deposits such us scarce oil, carbon, natural gas.
In this paper, study focuses on wind energy conversion systems. Indeed, wind energy has become a major producer of renewable electric energy.
A wind turbine generator system (WTGS) transforms the wind energy into electrical energy. In fact, wind turbines generate mechanical forces such as windmills of the past. Through their blades, wind turbine captures the wind kinetic energy and transforms it into mechanical one.
Then this later was transformed into electric energy by a generator.
There are many types of generator available for wind energy conversion; as example induction generator in all its forms like wound rotor asynchronous generator, dual stator induction generator, MADA, etc. The permanent magnet synchronous generator is selected for many reasons. A permanent magnet synchronous generator is characterized by the absence of gearbox and reduced active weight, besides having a high power density and a high efficiency (disappearing of the copper losses in rotor).
Generally the wind turbine generator based on rotational speed can be splited into two types: fixed and variable speed WTGS. Fixed speed turbines are easier to interface with the electrical grid. However, variable speed turbines are able to extract more energy from the wind and are the design preferred by the wind industry.
This paper interested to a variable speed WTGS. It has higher efficiency, especially at low wind speeds and also its power variations are lower than fixed speed turbines.
The paper analyzes a complete model of a variable wind turbine equipped with a permanent magnet synchronous generator it also proposes a vector control strategy to control the wind turbine generator. This strategy includes a speed controller and two current controllers.
The wind conversion system model and the control schemes were verified using Matlab/Simulink. Simulations results are selected, dicussed and come to prove the obtained performances of the used controllers.
2. Wind Turbine Model
The wind energy captured by the blades was transformed by the wind turbine into mechanic energy.
The model studied is illustrated by Figure 1 that contains the wind model, an aerodynamic part and a mechanical model.
2.1. Wind Model
The wind speed model requires wind climate and geographical data of the concerned site and the period of the concerned year by the study. The wind model is given by a Fourier series representation of the wind which has as a signal consisting of a superposition of several harmonics. It is given by:
(1)
where is the average value of the wind speed, is harmonic amplitude of the order k, is pulse harmonic of order.
2.2. Aerodynamic Model
The aerodynamic energy of the wind can be represented as [1] :
(2)
where is the circular area, is the air density, and is the wind speed.
Using the wind aerodynamic energy, aerodynamic power can be produced by the turbine. It can be expressed by [2] :
Figure 1. Simplified scheme of wind turbine.
(3)
where is the power coefficient, it depending on the pitch angle and the tip speed ratio that given by [3] :
(4)
where is the turbine rotor speed, is the turbine radius. Then the power coefficient can be expressed by [4] :
(5)
where is given by:
(6)
is depending on and, the family of curve is obtained with different value of and with changing value. This dependence is clearly visually in Figure 2.
However, the power coefficient is maximal when that given by Figure 3.
Figure 2. Power coefficient curve family versus and.
Figure 3. Power coefficient with different values of (with).
To have best results, next simulations are carried with.
The aerodynamic torque is determined by [5] :
(7)
(8)
The aerodynamic turbine power curves family with varying the turbine rotor speed for different value of wind speed illustrated in Figure 4.
With varying the turbine rotor speed for different wind values, the curves family of the aerodynamic torque speed is given by Figure 5.
2.3. Mechanic Model
The fundamental dynamic equation is described with the following equation [2] :
(9)
where is the electromagnetic torque, is the turbine rotor friction.
Then, the wind turbine generator drive that represents the mechanical bloc can be given by:
(10)
Figure 4. Curve family of turbine power versus and.
Figure 5. Curve family of aeodynamic torque versus and.
3. PMSG Model
The PMSG model can be written, in the d-q synchronously rotating reference frame, by the following equation system [1] [6]
(11)
where are the synchronous rotating reference frame; is the armature resistance;, are the generator inductance on the d-q axis;, are, respectively, the dand q-axis components of current;, are the dand q-axis voltage components, respectively, is the pole pairs number and is the permanent magnet flux.
In the d-q synchronously rotating reference frame, the electromagnetic torque is represented by [1] :
(12)
4. Control Strategy
Vector control strategy is used to have more preferment results, to control the wind turbine.
As given in Equation (11) we have a problem of coupling between dand q-axis, represented by the terms and. Vector control concept is recommended, in order to overcome this problem of coupling
4.1. Vector Control Strategy
Vector control strategy is based on the field orientation,. Then according to (12), since is constant, the electromagnetic torque is directly proportional to [7] .
Two inputs and are defined to compensate the cross-coupling terms [1] [8] ,
(13)
(14)
where
(15)
(16)
(17)
4.2. Current Regulators
According to (16) and (17), two separate first-order models in the d-q axis [8] [9] . Thus,
(18)
(19)
Therefore, we obtain two similar PI regulators witch used in two independent current loops that one of them controls the q-axis component and the second controls d-component as described in Figure 6.
4.3. Speed Regulator
Using the mechanical equation of wind turbine (10) the transfer function of the wind speed is written by:
(20)
Therefore, based on the last model the wind speed regulator is designed by a PI controller. Figure 6 illustrates the overall schemes of the wind turbine control strategy. In fact, the speed controller takes as input the error between the reference speed and the actual rotational speed. Where is obtained by expression as shown in (4), it can be represented by:
(21)
Then, the speed controller output presents that is subtracted by the actual and the result is the input of the current regulator of the quadrature current component. The direct component has as input the results of the subtraction between the reference direct current that it is null in our strategy and the actual one. The two controllers have as outputs the two voltage and that presents the inputs of the decoupling bloc. This later has as outputs the voltage components and which present also the outputs of overall control schemes [8] [10] .
5. Simulations Results
Simulations are carried out, in order to prove the wind turbine model and the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. The block simulated is represented by Figure 7. It include, the different parts of the Wind Energy Conversion System [1] [11] such as the wind turbine model that has as input the electromagnetic torque and the mechanic rotational speed as output. The permanent magnet synchronous generator model which has three inputs; the two voltage components and and the electric rotational speed of the wind turbine. The control model take the quadrature current, the direct current and the reference electric wind turbine rotational speed as inputs.
The complete WECS bloc given by Figure 7 was built in Simulink and its simulation results are given by Figures 8-19. The wind turbine parameters and the PMSG one used in simulation are illustrated in the Appendix.
Simulations are carried with the following model:
(22)
Simulation results demonstrate the performances of the wind turbine model and the vector control strategy. In fact, the output mechanical rotational speed is assumed at the reference one; is null as desired, is proportional to. Therefore the value of the power coefficient can be better than the current one as shown by Figure 19 Cp isn’t the maximum one so the wind turbine power also isn’t in the max and the tip speed ratio isn’t optimal as given by Figure 18. The real but the optimum one is that illustrated by Figure 19 when Cp is maximum.
Figure 7. Complete model of the wind energy conversion system.
Figure 8. Wind speed profile.
Figure 9. Wind turbine reference rotationnal speed.
Figure 10. Wind turbine actual rotationnal speed.
Figure 11. Current component.
Figure 12. Current component.
Figure 13. Electromagnetic torque.
Figure 14. Voltage component.
Figure 15. Voltage component.
Figure 16. Coefficient power Cp.
Figure 17. Wind turbine power Pt.
6. Conclusion
In this paper, the different bloc of the wind energy conversion system was studied and modeled. In fact, the model of the wind turbine has been presented, the permanent magnet synchronous generator using in variable speed wind turbine has been modeled, controlled and simulated. Using Matlab/Simulink, simulation results were carried when the proposed WECS model was confirmed and the performances of vector control strategy are substantiating.
We faced a number of problems, when making the different component model of the wind energy conversion system. First, the performances of the WECS are relied to the choice of pitch angle. Then, the aerodynamic power is related to the wind speed. And as assumed by simulation results, the coefficient power isn’t in its maximum, the speed ratio isn’t in the optimum one and the turbine power isn’t maximal. So, as results, trying to overcome these problems, we propose for the continuation of this chain of conversion energy controlling the pitch angle, studying and research of the maximum power point tracking to have more preferment results.
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Appendix