Profile of Maternally Derived Antibody in Broiler Chicks and In-Ovo Vaccination of Chick Embryo against Newcastle Disease

George O. Okwor, Abduldahiru El-Yuguda, Saka S. Baba

Animal Virus Research Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria.

DOI: 10.4236/wjv.2014.42009                

Abstract

In this study, we determined the suitability of lentogenic LaSota and naturally occurring avirulent I₂ vaccine strains of Newcastle disease (ND) virus for efficacious in-ovo vaccination of broiler chickens. A total of 114 embyonated eggs divided into five groups (A, B, C, D and E) consisting of 25 eggs in each of groups A and B, 20 eggs in each of groups C and D and 24 eggs in group E were used in the study. Eighteen-day-old embryonated eggs in group A were vaccinated in-ovo with ND-I₂ vaccine while the same age of embryos in group B were vaccinated with ND-LaSota. Thirteen-day-old embryonated eggs in groups C and D were vaccinated with ND-I₂ and ND-LaSota respectively. Group E served as unvaccinated control. There was significant difference (p < 0.05) in percentage hatchability between the vaccinated and control groups. Highest hatchability (64%) was recorded in group A when compared to other vaccinated groups (B [36%], C [10%] and D [5%]). The difference in embryonic mortality between groups was also statistically significant. The lowest mortality rate (36%) was recorded in group A when compared with group D (95%), group C (90%) and group B (64%). In spite of the pre-existing maternal antibody, the in-ovo vaccinated embryos seroconverted to protective antibody titres (GMT of 5.7 ± 0.00 - 7.30 ± 2.08) when compared with the control group E which had non protective antibody titre GMT of 3.00 ± 2.75 and decayed faster in chicks after hatching. There was significant rise in antibody titre (anamnestic response) in all experimental chicks following booster vaccination on day 37 post hatching. It is concluded that the ND vaccines (LaSota and I₂) used for the in-ovo vaccination were pathogenic for chick embryos, however, ND-I₂ vaccine was better tolerated when administered to 18-day-old chick embryo.

Keywords

In-Ovo Vaccination, ND-LaSota, ND-I₂, Maternal Antibody, Broiler Chicks

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Alexander, D.J. (1997) Newcastle Disease and Other Paramyxovirus Infections. In Calnek, B.W., Barnes, H.J., McDougall, L.R., Saif, Y.M. and Beard, G.W., Ed., Diseases of Poultry, Iowa State University Press, Ames, 541-569.
[2]	Calnek, B.W., Barnes, H.J., Beard, C.W., Reid, W.M. and Yoder, H.W. (1991) Diseases of Poultry. Iowa State University Press, Ames, 496-513.
[3]	Baba, S.S., Undiandeye, U.J. and Abubakar, M.B. (2004) Species Difference in Immune Responses of Village Poultry to Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bursal Disease Vaccines. Vom Journal of Veterinary Science, 1, 68-77.
[4]	Alders, R. and Spradbrow, P.B. (2001) Controlling Newcastle Disease in Village Chickens. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR): Monograph No. 82, Canberra, 9-14.
[5]	Baba, S.S. and El-Yuguda, A.D. (1999) Newcastle Disease Virus in Nigeria: Evidence of Antigenic Diversity among Field Isolates and Vaccine Strains. Journal of Life and Environmental Sciences, 1, 15-17.
[6]	El-Yuguda, A.D. and Baba, S.S. (2002) Prevalence of Selected Viral Infections in Various Age Groups of Village Chickens in Borno State Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 29, 245-250.
[7]	Alexander, D.J. (1989) Newcastle Disease. In: Laboratory Manual for the Isolation and Identification of Avian Pathogens, 3rd Edition, Kendal/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, 114-120.
[8]	Beard, C.W. and Hanson, R.P. (1981) Newcastle Disease. In: Hofstad, M.S., Ed., Diseases of Poultry, 7th Edition, Iowa State University Press, Ames, 452-470.
[9]	Brown, C., King, D.J. and Seal, B.S. (1999) Pathogenesis of Newcastle Disease in Chickens Experimentally Infected with Viruses of Different Virulence. Veterinary Pathology, 36, 125-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.36-2-125
[10]	Lancaster, J.E. and Alexander, D.J. (1975) Newcastle Disease Virus and Spread. Canada Department of Agriculture, Monograph No. 11, Ottawa.
[11]	Kouwenhoven, B. (1993) Newcastle Disease. In: Knudsen, R.C., Slazyk, W.E. and Richmond, J.Y., Eds., Virus Infection of Domestic Birds, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 341-361.
[12]	Awong, I.D.R., Wan, W.S., Ahmed, K. and Abdulrazak, J. (1992) Detection of Maternal Antibody against Newcastle Disease Virus in Chicks Using an Indirect Immunoperoxidase Test. Malaysian Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 4, 19-32.
[13]	El-Yuguda, A.D. and Baba, S.S. (2007) Antibody Response of Village Chickens to Single or Combined Viral Vaccines: Effect of Maternal Antibodies and Vaccine Interactions. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference of the Association of Institutions for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Montpellier, 19-22 August 2007, 215-220.
[14]	Allan, W.H., Lancaster, J.E. and Toth, B. (1978) Newcastle Disease Vaccine: Their Production and Use. FAO/UNO, Rome, 57-62.
[15]	Rahman, M.M., Bari, A.S.M., Giasudin, M.J., Islam, R.M. and Sil, A.C. (2002) Evaluation of Maternal and Humoral Immunity against Newcastle Disease Virus in Chicken. International. Journal of Poultry Science, 1, 161-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2002.161.163
[16]	Saeed, Z., Ahmad, S., Rizvi, A.R. and Ajmal, M. (1988) Role of Maternal Antibody in Determination of an Effective Newcastle Disease Vaccination Programme. Pakistan Journal of Veterinary Research, 1, 18-20.
[17]	Eissa, Y.M. (1985) Disease Control Problems in the Middle East. World Poultry, 33-37.
[18]	Giambrone, J.J. and Closser, J. (1990) Effects of Breeder Vaccination on Immunization of Progeny against Newcastle Disease. Avian Diseases, 34, 114-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1591341
[19]	El-Yuguda, A.D. and Baba, S.S. (2004) An Outbreak of Infectious Bursal Disease in Eight Weeks Old IBD Vaccinated Commercial Poultry Flock in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Tropical Veterinarian, 22, 93-98.
[20]	Sharma, J.M. and Burmester, B.R. (1982) Resistance to Marek’s Disease at Hatching in Chicken Vaccinated as Embryos with the Turkey’s Herpesvirus. Avian Diseases, 26, 134-149. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1590032
[21]	Sharma, J.M. (1985) Embryo Vaccination with Infectious Bursal Disease Alone or in Combination with Marek’s Disease Vaccine. Avian Diseases, 29, 1155-1169. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1590469
[22]	Sharma, G., Greer, W., Gildersleeve, R.P., Murray, D.L. and Miles, A.M. (1995) Field Safety and Efficacy of in Ovo Administration of HVT+SB-1 Bivalent Marek’s Disease Vaccine in Commercial Broilers. Avian Diseases, 39, 211-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1591862
[23]	Riaz, M.N., Hussain, I., Akhtar, M., Rasool, M.H., Mansoor, N.K. and Haq, S.E.U. (2004) Evaluation of in Ovo Vaccination against Infectious Bursal Disease Virus in Commercial Broilers in Pakistan. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 6, 984-986.
[24]	Wakenell, P.S. and Sharma, J.M. (1986) Chicken Embryonal Vaccination with Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 47, 933-937.
[25]	Ahmad, J. and Sharma, J.M. (1992) Evaluation of a Modified-Live Virus Vaccine Administered in Ovo to Protect Chickens against Newcastle Disease Virus. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 53, 1999-2004.
[26]	Chandana, M., Manna, S.K., Das, R. and Roy, R.N. (2007) Development of in Ovo Vaccine against Newcastle Disease of Birds. Current Science, 93, 1305-1309.
[27]	Allan, W.H. and Gough, R.E. (1974) A Standard Haemagglutination Inhibition Test for Newcastle Disease. A Comparison of Macro and Micro Methods. Veterinary Record, 95, 120-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.95.6.120
[28]	Pela, T.H., Gulka, C.M., Yates, V.J. and Chang, P.W. (1984) Use of Egg Yolk in Serological Test (ELISA and HI) to Detect Antibody to Newcastle Disease, Infectious Bronchitis and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Avian Diseases, 28, 877-883. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1590264
[29]	CDC (Centre for Disease Control) (1988) Descriptive Statistics: Measure of Central Tendency and Dispersion. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta, Georgia.
[30]	Burgh, M. and Beard, C.W. (1980) Collection and Processing of Blood Samples Dried on Paper for Microassay of Newcastle Disease Virus and Avian Influenza Virus Antibody. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 41, 1495-1498.
[31]	Ambali, A.G. and Jones, R.C. (1991) Efficiency of Filter Paper for Measurement of Antibody to Avian Infectious Bronchitis. Bulletin of Animal Health & Production Africa, 39, 213-218.
[32]	Roy, P., Nachimuthu, K. and Venugopalan, A.T. (1992) A Modified Filter Paper Technique for Serosurveillance of Newcastle Disease. Veterinary Research Communications, 16, 403-406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01839189