where
This equation is constructed from the Navier-Stokes equations rising to a partially invariant solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations. Group classification of the admitted Lie algebras of this equation is obtained. Two-dimensional optimal system is constructed from classification of their subalgebras. All invariant solutions corresponding to these subalgebras are presented.
1. Introduction
An invariant solution of a differential equation is a solution of the differential equation which is also an invariant surface of a group admitted by the differential equation. Invariant solution can be found by solving an algebraic equation derived from the given differential equation and the infinitesimals of an admitted Lie group of transformations. Constructing of invariant solutions consists of some steps: choosing a subgroup of the admitted group, finding a representation of solution, substituting the representation into the studied system of equations and the study of compatibility of the obtained (reduced) system of equations.
This paper is devoted to use the basic Lie symmetry method for finding the admitted Lie group of the reducetion of the Navier-Stokes equations,
(1)
where
is a dependent variable and
are independent variables. This equation is constructed from the Navier-Stokes equations. Subgroups for studying are taken from the part of optimal system of subalgebras considered for the gas dynamics equations [1]. The proposed research will deal with two-dimensional optimal system of subalgebras for the reduction of the Navier-Stokes Equations (1). It is determined for symmetry algebras obtained through classification of their subalgebras. All invariant solutions are presented. They can return to new solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations.
2. Invariant and Partially Invariant Solutions
One of the main goals of application of group analysis to differential equation is construction of representations of solutions. Solutions whose representations are obtained with the help of the admitted group are called invariant or partially invariant solutions. The notion of invariant solution was introduced by Sophus Lie [2]. The notion of a partially invariant solution was introduced by Ovsiannikov [3]. This notion of partially invariant solutions generalizes the notion of an invariant solution, and extends the scope of applications of group analysis for constructing exact solutions of partial differential equations. The algorithm of finding invariant and partially invariant solutions consists of the following steps.
Let
be a Lie algebra with the basis
. The universal invariant
consists of
functionally independent invariants

where
are the numbers of independent and dependent variables, respectively and
is the total rank of the matrix composed by the coefficients of the generators
. If the rank of the Jacobi matrix

is equal to
, then one can choose the first
invariants
such that the rank of the Jacobi matrix

is equal to
. A partially invariant solution is characterized by two integers:
and
. These solutions are also called
solutions. The number
is called the rank of a partially invariant solution. This number gives the number of the independent variables in the representation of the partially invariant solution. The number
is called the defect of a partially invariant solution. The defect is the number of the dependent functions which can not be found from the representation of partially invariant solution. The rank
and the defect
must satisfy the conditions

where
is the maximum number of invariants which depends on the independent variables only. Note that for invariant solutions,
and
.
For constructing a representation of a
solution one needs to choose
invariants and separate the universal invariant in two parts:

The number
satisfies the inequality
. The representation of the
solution is obtained by assuming that the first
coordinates
of the universal invariant are functions of the invariants
:
(2)
Equation (2) form the invariant part of the representation of a solution. The next assumption about a partially invariant solution is that Equation (2) can be solved for the first
dependent functions, for example,
(3)
It is important to note that the functions
are involved in the expressions for the functions
. The functions
are called superfluous. The rank and the defect of the
solution are
and
, respectively.
Note that if
, the above algorithm is the algorithm for finding a representation of an invariant solution. If
, then Equation (3) do not define all dependent functions. Since a partially invariant solution satisfies the restrictions (2), this algorithm cuts out some particular solutions from the set of all solutions.
After constructing the representation of an invariant or partially invariant solution (3), it has to be substituted into the original system of equations. The system of equations obtained for the functions
and superfluous functions
is called the reduced system. This system is overdetermined and requires an analysis of compatibility. Compatibility analysis for invariant solutions is easier than for partially invariant solutions. Another case of partially invariant solutions which is easier than the general case occurs when
only depends on the independent variables

In this case, a partially invariant solution is called regular, otherwise it is irregular. The number
is called the measure of irregularity.
The process of studying compatibility consists of reducing the overdetermined system of partial differential equations to an involutive system. During this process different subclasses of
partially invariant solutions can be obtained. Some of these subclasses can be
solutions with subalgebra
. In this case
. The study of compatibility of partially invariant solutions with the same rank
, but with smaller defect
is simpler than the study of compatibility for
solutions. In many applications, there is a reduction of a
solution to a
solution. In this case the
solution is called reducible to an invariant solution. The problem of reduction to an invariant solution is important since invariant solutions are usually studied first.
3. The Reduction of the Navier-Stokes Equations
The reduction of the Navier-Stokes equations to partial differential equation in three independent variables is described. Unsteady motion of incompressible viscous fluid is governed by the Navier-Stokes equations
(4)
where
is the velocity field,
is the fluid pressure,
is the gradient operator in the three-dimensional space
and
is the Laplacian. A group classification of the Navier-Stokes equations in the three-dimensional case was done in [4]. The Lie group admitted by the Navier-Stokes equations is infinite. Its Lie algebra can be presented in the form of the direct sum
, where the infinite-dimensional ideal
is generated by the operators

with arbitrary functions
and
. The subalgebra
has the following basis:

The Galilean algebra
is contained in
. Several articles [5-11] are devoted to invariant solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations. While partially invariant solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations have been less studied, there has been substantial progress in studying such classes of solutions of inviscid gas dynamics equations [12-19].
In this section analysis of compatibility of regular partially invariant solutions with defect
and rank
of the subalgebras
is given. Note that the generator
is not admitted by the Navier-Stokes equations. The groups are taken from the optimal system constructed for the gas dynamics equations [20].
The Navier-Stokes equations are used in the component form:
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
The dependent variables
and
are functions of the space variables
and time 
Invariants of the Lie group corresponding to subalgebra generated by
are

The representation of the regular partially invariant solution is
(9)
where
. For the function
there is no restrictions. Substituting the representation of partially invariant solution (9) into the Navier-Stokes Equations (5)-(8), we obtain
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
Since
and
only depend on
, Equations (11) and (12) can be split with respect to
:
(14)
(15)
Solving Equations (15), we have

Multiplying the first equation by
and combining it with the second Equation of (14), we obtain

Let
, then
This means that
and hence
. Substituting
and
in Equation (13), we have
. It means that
depend on
or
Equation (10) becomes
(16)
Thus, there is a solution of the Navier-Stokes equations of the type

where the function
satisfies Equation (16).
If
, then
In this case
. Note that the Galilei transformation applied to
and
, also change
. Substituting
and
in Equation (13), we have
or
. Equation (10) becomes
(17)
Thus, there is a solution of the Navier-Stokes equations of the type

where the function
satisfies Equation (17).
These solutions are partially invariant solution with respect to the group which are not admitted Lie algebra
.
4. Admitted Group of Equation (16)
In this section, the Lie group admitted by Equation (16) is studied. It was obtained from the Navier-Stokes equations and gives rise to a partially invariant solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations

where the function
depends on
and
.
Assume that the generator has a representation of the form

The second prolongation of the operator X is

The coefficients of the prolonged operator are defined by formulae



Here we used the notations
and for the derivatives

The determining equations are
(18)
All necessary calculations here were carried out on a computer using the symbolic manipulation program REDUCE.
The result of the calculations is the admitted Lie group with the basis of the generators:
(19)

where
is an arbitrary solution of

5. Optimal System of Subalgebras
To obtain all different invariant solutions, we make recourse to the concept of optimal system of subalgebras. This concept follows from the fact that, given a Lie algebra
of order
with
the corresponding group of transformations, if two subalgebras of
are similar, i.e., they are connected with each other by a transformation of
, then their corresponding invariant solutions are connected with each other by the same transformation. Therefore, in order to construct all the non similar
-dimensional subalgebras of
, it is sufficient to put into one class all similar subalgebras of a given dimension, say
, and select a representative from each class. The set of all representatives of these classes is called optimal system of
-dimensional subalgebras of
. The classification of subalgebras can be done relatively easy for small dimensions. The problem of finding the optimal system is the same as the problem of classifying the orbits of the adjoint transformations. Two-dimensional subalgebras of the optimal system of the Lie algebra spanned by the generators
are constructed in [21].
The list of two-dimensional subalgebras of the optimal system of the algebra
is presented in the Table 1, where
and
are arbitrary constants.
Table 1. Two-dimensional subalgebras of the optimal system of the algebra L9.
6. Invariant Solutions of the Equation (1)
One of the advantages of the symmetry analysis is the possibility to find solutions of the original differential equation by solving reduced equations. The reduced equations are obtained by introducing suitable new variables, determined as invariant functions with respect to the infinitesimal generators. Constructing of invariant solutions consists of some steps: choosing a subgroup of the admitted group, finding a representation of solution, substituting the representation into the studied system of equations and the study of compatibility of the obtained (reduced) system of equations.
Invariant solutions of the Equation (1) are presented in this section. Analysis of invariant solutions is presented in details for four examples.
6.1. Subalgebra 3: {5, 7}
The basis of this subalgebra is

In order to find an invariant solution, one needs to find a universal invariant of this subalgebra. Let a function

be an invariant of the generator
. This means that

The general solution of this equation is

After substituting it into the equation
, one obtains the equation

The characteristic system of the last equation is

Thus, the universal invariant of this subalgebras consists of invariants

Hence, a representation of the invariant solution is

with arbitrary functions
. After substituting this representation into Equation (1), one obtains the ordinary differential equation

The general solution of the last equation is

where
is arbitrary constants.
Therefore the invariant solution of the reduction of the Navier-Stokes Equations (1) is

where
is arbitrary constants.
6.2. Subalgebra 6: {2, 4 + α9}
The basis of this subalgebra is

Let a function

be an invariant of the generator
. This means that

It means that function
is not depend on
.
The general solution of this equation is

After substituting it into the equation
, one obtains the equation

The characteristic system of the last equation is

Thus, the universal invariant of this subalgebras consists of invariants

Hence, a representation of the invariant solution is

with arbitrary functions
and
. After substituting this representation into Equation (1), one obtains the ordinary differential equation

The general solution of the last equation is

Therefore, the invariant solution of the reduction of the Navier-Stokes Equations (1) is

where

are Whittaker functions and
are arbitrary constants.
6.3. Subalgebra 16: {2 + 7, 3 + 5 + α7}
The basis of this subalgebra consists of the generators

Let a function

be an invariant of the generator
. This means that

The characteristic system of the last equation is

The general solution of this equation is

After substituting it into the equation

one obtains the equation

The characteristic system of this equation is

Hence, the universal invariant of this subalgebras consists of invariants

A representation of the invariant solution of this subalgebra has the following form

with an arbitrary function
. After substituting the representation of the invariant solution into Equation (1), the functions
has to satisfy the equation

The general solution of the last equation is

where
is constant.
Therefore the invariant solution of the reduction of the Navier-Stokes Equations (1) is

where
is constant.
6.4. Subalgebra 17: {2 + α9, 1 + (7 + (9}
The basis of this subalgebra is

Let a function

be an invariant of the generator
. This means that

The general solution of this equation is

After substituting it into the equation

one obtains the equation

Thus the universal invariant of this subalgebras consists of invariants

Hence, a representation of the invariant solution is

with arbitrary functions
and
. After substituting this representation into Equation (1), one obtains the ordinary differential equation

The general solution of the last equation is

Therefore, the invariant solution of the reduction of the Navier-Stokes Equations (1) is

where

are Airy wave functions and
are arbitrary constants.
The four examples showed that there are solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations, which are partially invariant with respect to not admitted Lie algebra
. They can return to new solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations.
The result of the study of invariant solutions of Equation (1) corresponding to the subalgebras of Table 1 are presented in Table 2.
7. Conclusion
The admitted algebra of the reduction of the NavierStokes Equations (1) is spanned by the generators (19). The optimal systems of two-dimensional subalgebras of the Lie algebra spanned by generators
are obtained: there are 20 classes that have invariant solutions. All invariant solutions corresponding to the optimal system are presented in Table 2. Examples given in the manuscript show that this algorithm can be applied to groups, which are not admitted. These possibilities extend an area of using group analysis for constructing exact solutions.
8. Acknowledgements
This research is fully supported by the Centre of Excellence in Mathematics, the Commission on Higher Education, Thailand.