Evaluation of the Accuracy of Digital Models Obtained Using Intraoral and Extraoral Scanners versus Gold Standard Plaster Model (Diagnostic Accuracy Study) ()
1. Introduction
The orthodontic discipline has been embracing new technologies over the past years. The paperless setup has been one of those technologies introduced to the orthodontic practice. The biggest obstacle facing the paperless orthodontic office is the plaster study model. The plaster models are indispensable, because they are considered the cornerstone gold standard in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning and cases documentation. Besides, they are essential for educational purposes, evaluating treatment progress, and research reasons, not to mention their medico-legal significance. In this respect, there is a need to retain dental models for long periods, with associated problems of storage, risk of damage or even loss [1]. The transformation of orthodontic plaster models into digital models is gaining popularity due to the superiority of digital models to plaster models in storage, retrieval, and sharing of information. Digital models can be used successfully for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Besides, working in a virtual environment shortens the time required for each procedure [2] [3].
Studies assessing the accuracy of measurements obtained from digital models such as tooth size, arch width, arch length, space analysis, overjet, overbite, midline discrepancy, Bolton tooth size analysis, and molar and canine relationships have shown these models to be valid, clinically acceptable, and more quickly obtainable [4] [5] [6]. Digital models are generated from alginate impressions as well as from intra-oral scanners to prove their reliability and accuracy [1] [5] [7] [8]. Various factors affect the accuracy and reproducibility such as tooth position, anatomical variations as well as inter-examiner variability due to lack of familiarity with the utilized software [9].
Abduo and Elseyoufi (2018) [10] conducted a systematic review to evaluate the accuracy of the available intra-oral scanning systems for dental impression, and identify the influencing factors on accuracy when comparing digital models to plaster models. They concluded that the intra-oral scanning systems could be reliably used for diagnostic purposes and short-span scanning when compared to conventional impressions. They reported that the intra-oral scanning system is susceptible for more deviation when it comes to whole arch scanning.
Felter, et al. (2018) [11] recommended that software programs for visualization and analysis of digital orthodontic models, apart from presenting the necessary features for diagnosis and treatment planning, need to be user-friendly. With the advent of new scanners with better scanning technology researches are necessary to evaluate their claimed accuracy and reliability.
The aim of the present work was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of dental measurements on digital models in relation to the gold standard of plaster models via 10 digitization techniques. The null hypothesis states that there is no difference in diagnostic accuracy between any of the tested modalities.
2. Material & Methods
Twenty-four adult male and female subjects were enrolled in this study from the outpatient clinic of the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dentistry. Randomization of the sample irrespective to the degree of crowding of the arches was done. The study included adult patients seeking orthodontic treatment, presence of permanent dentition only with exclusion of cleft lip and palate patients.
The digitization included 2 techniques: intraoral scanning of the patients’ dentition via Sirona (CEREC Omnicam) (Figure 1) and 3 shape (TRIOS 3) (Figure 2), and extra-oral scanning of the plaster models using two lab scanners Sirona (inEos X5) (Figure 3), and 3 shape (D850) (Figure 4). The laboratory scanning was done for the alginate impression (Zermack Hydrogum 5 alginate material) (Figure 5), the plaster model of the same alginate impression, the rubber base impression (Zermack Elite HD+) (Figure 6) and the plaster model obtained from the same rubber base impression. The physical plaster model of the rubber base condensation silicone impression (Polysiloxane addition silicon) was considered the gold reference standard.
The intra-oral scanning of the subjects was done by inserting the scanner camera in the mouth and scanning each quadrant of the jaw, then scanning the bite for occlusion. A 3D picture was then produced on the monitor. For automatic manipulation of fully surfaced 3D digital models to produce STL images,
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Figure 1. Photograph showing Sirona (CEREC Omnicam) intra-oral scanner.
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Figure 2. Photograph showing 3-shape (TRIOS 3) intra-oral scanner.
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Figure 3. Photograph showing Sirona (inEosX5).
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Figure 4. Photograph showing 3 shape (D850) scanner.
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Figure 5. Photograph showing Zermack Hydrogum 5 alginate material.
the CEREC SW 4.6.1 scanning software and dental system software was used for the Sirona scanner, while the TRIOS scanning software was used for the 3 Shape scanner.
The impressions and their poured replicas were scanned after being transferred in sealed labelled plastic containers. The impressions and casts were inserted in the scanner to start the scanning process. After scanning was in 3D (Figure 7), 3 Shape Dental System premium scanning software and Sirona INLAB-15 scanning software were used for automatic manipulation of fully surfaced 3D digital models to produce STL images (Figure 8).
All STL images were collected for impressions and casts to be analyzed using 3 shape Ortho analyzer software for the following linear dental measurements: intermolar width, interpremolar width, intercanine width, mesiodistal width of
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Figure 6. Photograph showing addition silicon impression material (Zermack Elite HD+).
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Figure 7. Photograph showing fully surfaced 3D digital models produced as STL images.
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Figure 8. Photograph showing images captured and produced in 3D.
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Figure 9. Photograph showing linear dental measurements taken for upper (a) and lower (b) casts.
first permanent molar, first premolar, canine, and central incisor, and arch depth (Figure 9). All images were assessed on the computer workstation by two orthodontists independently, and subsequently a consensus reading was performed. The orthodontists (O1 and O2) were blinded to the modality for digitization of each model. The same assessors performed the same measurements on the physical reference standard models using digital caliber after being anonymous. A positivity cutoff was done if clinical measurements exceeded 0.5 mm.
All data were collected, tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS in general (version 16), in addition to Microsoft Office Excel was used for data handling and graphical presentation. Analysis of variance one-way ANOVA was used for comparing the mean Dahlberg Error (DE) between all methods. For comparing the mean Dahlberg error of any two methods t-test was applied. Significance level was set at p <0.05, while p <0.01 was considered highly significant. Two-tailed test assumption was applied all through the study.
3. Results
The results of this study aimed at comparing the diagnostic accuracy of digital models obtained via 10 digitization techniques to the reference standard of direct dental measurements of the physical plaster as seen in Tables 1-4.
Comparing the mean Dahlberg for all methods used, scanning the alginate cast using 3 shape extra-oral scanner (D850) showed the least mean Dahlberg error. On the other hand, scanning alginate impression using extra-oral scanner of Sirona (inEosX5) displayed the highest error.
4. Discussion
Digital models are becoming the standard orthodontic record in many dental practices around the world. They have been accepted to substitute for the disadvantages of plaster models which until recent years were considered as the gold standard in diagnosis and treatment planning. Disadvantages of plaster models such as the risk of fracture, storage costs, time needed for their retrieval, the considerable risk of damage, and their use for consultation or review entails
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Table 1. Difference of mean linear measurements with gold standard in mm.
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Table 2. Descriptive statistics of the mean Dahlberg error of all methods.
*95% Confidence Interval for Mean.
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Table 3. Sorted mean Dahlberg error of all methods.
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Table 4. t-test for comparison of the method with lowest mean Dahlberg error (3 shape extra oral alginate cast) with other methods.
manipulation and transportation needs have been overcome. Despite their advantages yet their disadvantages lie in their cost, computer failure, software failure or manufacturer insolvency could possibly mean that the models may become inaccessible for a time or forever [2] [3].
Most digital models are made from alginate impressions which are either scanned directly or poured in plaster and then scanned. The development of chair side oral scanners allows direct digital acquisition of the clinical situation in the oral cavity to eliminate the need for conventional impressions. The accuracy of dental model analysis is important for exploitation digital models as diagnostic tools [12] [13].
The diagnostic accuracy and reliability of the digital model system has been met by the results of the present study. The program for manipulation and measurement of the digital models is easy to learn and user friendly. In addition, image setups are easy to store as they do not require large physical spaces in comparison to plaster models.
Significant differences between manual and digital measurements may be attributed to the intrinsic differences between the 2 methods as the latter shows a 3-dimensional view that allows better location of the reference points, and it contains digital tools to measure diameters and distances along selected planes. The models measured manually and digitally showed certain similarities for both vertical and transverse measurements, because in most of the measurements, no significant difference was observed. These results are consistent with several studies [14] - [24].
Intra-observer reliability analysis for 14 out of the 16 measurements showed that all variables exhibited good to excellent reliability, whereas the two measurements for mesio-distal canine width in the lower arch and mesiodistal central incisor in the lower arch were far from each other most probably by unintended mistake (6.14 and 4.58), such that if these values were excluded the reliability would be much better.
Digital scanning of 3 shape extra oral alginate casts yielded the highest ranking of methods according to relative Dahlberg error for all variables. This was seen in 7 out of the 16 measurements. The difference between the two methods did not exceed 1 mm for any of the parameters and both methods may be considered to be repeatable with acceptable differences between the two techniques. The results are consistent with previous studies who also found good reliability between the two methods [1] [16].
Intra-oral scanning has its own challenges, such as presence of saliva, soft tissue movement presented by the tongue, coupled with the presence of metallic reflective restorations making intra-oral surfaces difficult to capture. Inaccuracies with the digital technique could also be partly attributed to difficulty in locating the greatest mesio-distal width of the tooth for arch length assessment. Despite the rotation functions and magnification in the software, accurate point location remains difficult. Parameters such as inter-canine and inter-molar widths, where landmark identification was easier, showed good repeatability and reproducibility when considering both techniques. This was also found with several studies carried out [25] [26] [27] [28].
Several studies showed that all linear dental measurements of digital models obtained from scans of alginate impressions and plaster model were valid, reliable, and reproducible for diagnostic purposes [25] [28] [29] [30]. In the current study oral scan values tend to be greater than the matching impression scan values. These values when compared to overall bias can be considered negligible and clinically insignificant except for inter canine width in 3 shape extra-oral rubber impression, eos alginate impression, eos rubber cast; inter premolar width in eos alginate impression and eos rubber impression; inter molar width in 3 shape extra-oral rubber impression, eos alginate impression, eos rubber impression. This could be attributed to the inaccuracy of scanning impressions. As regards the intercanine width which is a small measurement such that any minute error represents a high percentage of the original measurement.
The small differences between the plaster and digital models were statistically significant. The digital models were reasonably reliable and accurate. They could provide the clinician with adequate information to develop a treatment plan and thus eliminate the need for storing plaster casts. As regards the clinical significance, the true test would be to determine whether treatment plans produced with computer-based models differed significantly from treatment plans produced with plaster models. In turn, the results of the treatment from the two different sets of models would determine the true value of digital models.
Finally, based on the results of this study, it is reasonable to conclude that 3-dimensional digital models acquired by intra oral scanning of the dentition are as accurate and reliable as extra-oral scanned models to be used confidently in the process of diagnosis and treatment planning.
5. Limitation of the Study
In certain instances, incomplete 3D scans were generated, due to error during scanning. Since the essence of the current study is to assess the outcome of the two scanners for the different impressions and casts, some measurements were excluded from the incomplete scans due to the difficulty in attaining the measurement.
6. Conclusion & Recommendation
It could be concluded that the digitization of dentition produced an accurate replica of the dentition compared to the gold standard. There was no difference between the digitization using the intraoral scanner or the laboratory scanner. The most accurate digitization technique was the 3 Shape laboratory scanner of the cast of the alginate impression. The inEos X5 showed the highest error of digitization of the alginate and rubber base impressions. Therefore, 3-dimensional digital models acquired by intra oral scanning of the dentition are as accurate and reliable as extra-oral scanned models to be used confidently in the process of diagnosis and treatment planning.