Analytical Soliton-Like Solutions to Nonlinear Dirac Equation of Spinor Field in Spherical Symmetric Metric ()
1. Introduction
In the theory of General Relativity, the structure of elementary particles configuration is modeled by solitons corresponding to solutions of nonlinear differential equations. As mentioned in [1], the generalization of classical field theory remains one the possible ways to overcome the difficulties of the theory which considers elementary particles as mathematical points. So that the field equations possess regular solutions it is necessary to introduce nonlinear terms, describing the fields interactions. The role of nonlinear terms in the Lagrangian density of some classical field theories was examined in [2]. The exact static plane-symmetric soliton-like solutions of the nonlinear spinor field equations are investigated in a series articles [3] [4] [5]. In all these activities, the authors emphasized that the energy density
is localized and the total energy of the system is bounded. Nevertheless, the total charge Q and the total spin S1 of the system are unlimited. Therefore the metric considered presents some shortcomings. But thanks to the metric space-time admitting spherical symmetric, the problematic of the divergence of Q and S1 is recently corrected in the remarkable articles [6] [7] [8] [9] [10]. The role of the geometrical symmetries in general relativity is introduced by Katzin, Lavine and Davis in a series of papers [11] [12] [13] [14], appearing between 1969 and 1977. They emphasized that the geometrical of the space-time are expressible through the vanishing of the Lie derivative of certain tensors with respect to a vector. This vector may be time-like, space-like or null. These research works have lead to the concept of Ricci solitons introduced by Hamilton. They are natural generalizations of Einstein metric, which have been a subject of intense study in differential geometry and geometric analysis [15].
The present work, considered as part II of all these investigated initiated in [9], aims and extending the results to analytical solutions to Dirac equation of nonlinear spinor field in spherical symmetric metric. Here also equations with power and polynomial nonlinearities are thoroughly scrutinized.
The purpose of the paper is to describe the configurations of the elementary particles by the nonlinear generalization of classical field theory and taking into account their own gravitational field.
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 addresses the model with fundamental equations via the Lagrangian, the metric, basics equations and concepts. We consider a self-consistent system to obtain spherical-symmetric solutions, taking into account the own gravitational field of elementary particles. Section 3 deals with main results and their discussion; the solutions of the Einstein and nonlinear spinor field equations are derived. Besides, the regularity properties of the obtained solutions as well as the asymptotic behavior of the energy and charge densities are studied. Concluding remarks are outlined in Section 4.
2. Fields Equations and General Solutions
So that the field equations possess regular solutions it is necessary to introduce nonlinear terms, we consider the Lagrangian of the self-consistent system of spinor and gravitational fields as follows [1]:
(1)
with
the spinor field Lagrangian. It is defined as follows:
(2)
Here
is the nonlinear terms of
, describing the self-interaction of the spinor field.
is an arbitrary function depending on the invariant
.
is the scalar curvature. Then,
is Einstein’s gravitational constant, G is Newton’s gravitational constant and c is the speed of light in vacuum.
is the 4-components Dirac’s spinor with
its conjugate. The following paragraph will address to the metric.
In this present analysis, the metric of space-time admitting spherical symmetric may be written as follows:
(3)
Note that, the speed of light has been taken to be unity (c = 1). We define spatial variable as in [6]
, where r stands for the radial component of the spherical symmetric metric. We assume that the metric functions
,
and
are stationnary and depend on
alone. In addition, they verify the harmonic coordinate condition as mentioned in [3]:
(4)
Variation of (1) with respect to the spinor field
and its conjugate
gives nonlinear spinor field equations as follows:
(5)
(6)
Then, varying of (1) with respect to the metric tensor
leads to the general form of Einstein’s field equation as follows:
(7)
where
is the Einstein’s tensor;
is the Ricci’s tensor;
is the Kronecker’s symbol and
is the metric energy-momentum tensor of the nonlinear spinor field. In the sequel, taking into account (1), we obtain the components of the tensor
in the metric (3) under the coordinate condition (4) as in [6]:
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
Prime (') in previous equations denotes differentiation with respect to
.
The components of the metric energy-momentum tensor of the spinor field are:
(12)
Using the spinor field Equations (5) and (6),
takes the following form:
(13)
(14)
(15)
Taking into account (15), let us write the nontrivial components of the tensor
:
(16)
(17)
Let us emphasize that
represent Dirac’s matrices in curved space-time. They are linked to Dirac’s matrices in flat space-time
by:
(18)
where
is the metric of Minkowski and
are tetradic 4-vectors.
With the Relation (18), we have:
(19)
The Dirac’s matrices in flat space-time are defined in the following way [16] [17]:
;
;
In the Expressions (2), (5)-(6) and (12),
represent the covariant derivative of the spinor meaning. It is connected to the spinor affine connection matrices
as in [18]:
(20)
The matrice
has the following general form:
(21)
In the Relation (21),
are Christoffel’s symbols. According to the Expression (21), we have the spinor affine connection matrices:
(22)
In virtue of Einstein’s convention sommation, we get:
(23)
When we substitute (20) and (23) into (5) and (6), we have
(24)
(25)
By choosing the 4-component Dirac spinor under the form
with
, from (24), we get the following set of equations:
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
The functions
,
,
and
are connected by the relation:
(30)
Summing the set of Equations (26)-(29), we obtain the first-order differential equations for the invariant function
as follows:
(31)
The solution of the Equation (31) is:
(32)
The Expression (32) reflects the natural link between the nonlinear spinor field of elementary particles and their own gravitational field.
Using the spinor field equation in the Form (24) and the conjugate one, we obtain the following expression for the tensor
from the Relation (17):
(33)
The following paragraph devotes to the resolution of Einstein’s field equations. To this purpose, as the commponents
and
are equal, we have
. This leads to the following equation:
(34)
which can be transformed into a Liouville equation type (see [19], p. 30) having the solutions:
(35)
(36)
where A and D are integration constants and T is a function. The function T has the following form:
(37)
where h and
are another unknown integration constants.
By substituting the Expressions (35) and (36) into (4), we get the metric function
as follows:
(38)
Finally we define the relations between the metric functions
,
and
:
(39)
Equation (9) look likes to the first integral of the Equations (8) and (10). It is also a first order differential equation. Then, introducing (33) and (39) into (9), we have
(40)
Taking into account
and
, from (40) we obtain
(41)
The general solutions of the Equation (41) are given by:
(42)
Setting a concrete form of the function
, from (42) we can determine explicitly
. Then, if
is known, we can find the metric function
from (32). Finally, we can completely determine the solutions of Einstein equations from the Expression (39).
Considering the invariant
, we can establish the regularity properties of the solutions obtained. Studying the distribution of the energy per unit invariant volume
, we can establish the localization properties of the solutions.
Let us determine the concrete analytical form of the functions
. To doing so, we must solve the set of Equations (26)-(29) in more compacte form if
we pass to the functions
, with
. In this perspective, we obtain:
(43)
(44)
(45)
(46)
where the derivative of the function
has the form:
(47)
With the set of Equations (43)-(46) where
let us pass to the system of equations depending on functions of the argument
, i.e.
,
. We obtain for
the set of equations as follows:
(48)
(49)
(50)
(51)
where
and
are defined by the following expressions:
(52)
(53)
In sequel, we shall transform the Equation (48)-(51) to the second order differential equations. In this perspective, differentiating Equation (48) and substituting the expression of the function
and the expression of its derivative into the result, we obtain:
(54)
Similarly differentiating the Equation (51) and introducing into the result the expression of
and the expression of its derivative, we obtain the second-order differential equation for the function
:
(55)
Doing the same operating on the Equations (49)-(50), we find the second-order differential equations obeyed by the functions
and
as follows:
(56)
(57)
By summing (54)-(55) and setting
, we obtain the following second-order differential equations of the function
:
(58)
The Equation (58) may be transformed to:
(59)
under the condition
with
.
The first integral of the Equation (59)
(60)
If
, then the Equation (60) has the solution
(61)
If
, the solution of the Equation (60) is given by:
(62)
with
(63)
The difference of Equations (48) and (51), taking into account of (61) and (62), gives:
(64)
or
(65)
where
and
are integration constants.
Solving analogously the Equations (56) and (57), we obtain the following expressions for
as follows:
(66)
or
(67)
In these conditions, it then follows from the Expressions (66) and (67) that:
(68)
or
(69)
(70)
where
,
and
are integration constants.
Considering the cases where
and
, let us determine the expressions of the functions
. We get for the functions
the following expressions:
(71)
(72)
(73)
(74)
with
and
.
Let us note that we can also obtain the expressins of the funstions
considering
and
. Furthermore, in the relations (63) and (70), without loss of generality we can use the minus sign before the integral. Let us pass to the functions
by multiplying the functions
obtained in the Expressions (71)-(74) by
as follows:
(75)
(76)
(77)
(78)
The following section deals with the analysis of the general results obtained previously by considering the concrete nonlinear terms of the arbitrary function
in the Lagrangian density.
3. Analysis of Principal Results and Discussions
Let us consider a concrete type nonlinear spinor field equations when:
(79)
where
is nonlinearity parameter and n power nonlinearity. Consider two cases
and
.
• Firstly, we should aborde the Ivanenko-Heisenberg type nonlinear spinor field equation corresponding to
,
and
. But this study is intensively dealt with in [9]. Let us now pass to the generalization of the analysis.
• Secondly, we deal with the case where
and
. According to (79), the Equation (42) takes the form:
(80)
In this section, we can consider massless spinor field i.e.
without loss of the generality. Indeed, as one sees from (80), for
at no value of
the invariant becomes trivial. Since as
, the denominator of the integrant beginning from some value of
becomes imaginary. Thus, in order to avoid the imaginary value at denominator of the integrant and evident value of the invariant function
, it is necessary to choose massless spinor field setting
in the Equation (80). Similarly, it should be emphasized that, in the unified nonlinear spinor theory of Heisenberg, the massive terme is absent. So, according to Heisenberg theory, the particle mass should be obtained as a result of quantization of spinor prematter [20].
Substituting
, without loss of generality, in the Equation (80) and taking
and
, we get:
(81)
Introducing (79) and (80) into (16), the energy density of the nonlinear spinor field
is
(82)
We note from (81) that
is not bounded. Moreover from (82) the energy density
is not localized. The soliton-like solutions are absent. Therefore, the nonlinear form
,
and
is not plausible to get the soliton-like configurations with localized energy density. In the following paragraph, let us discuss the case where
.
To this end, when
, from (80), we obtain:
(83)
From (16), the energy density
is defined as follows:
(84)
with
.
We conclude from (84) that the energy density of a nonlinear spinor field is negative and is localized in space [2].
As for the distribution of the spinor field energy density per unit invariant volume
, it’s given by
(85)
where
(86)
The total energy is defined by
(87)
The obtained solutions describe a nonlinear spinor field configuration with regular localized energy density
and energy density per unit volume
, negative total energy E and the metric functions are regular and stationary. The solutions possess the properties of soliton-like solutions as mentioned in [19]. They may be used in order to describe the properties of the field configuration of the elementary particles.
Considering
, we can get an explicit form of the function
. We have:
(88)
(89)
(90)
(91)
where
(92)
and
(93)
We can then finally write the components of the function
of the spinor field under the form:
(94)
From (94), we conclude that the function
is regular.
The obtained solutions describe the configuration of nonlinear spinor field with localized energy density. The energy density per unit invariant volume
is also a localized function. The total energy has a finite and negative quantity. The metrics functions are stationnary and regular. Then, they are soliton-like solutions and must be used to describe the configuration of elementary particles.
The following paragraph deals with the total charge and the total spin. Let us start with the components of spinor current vector.
Using the solutions (88)-(91) we can determine the components of the spinor current vector
:
(95)
(96)
(97)
(98)
As in this study the configuration is assumed static, the components
,
and
are evident. The requirement of existence of one component of the vector
leads to
,
and
. From the component
, we define the charge density or the chronometric invariant of the spinor field as follows:
(99)
where
is defined by the Expression (92) and
(100)
The charge density is localized when
. The total charge nonlinear spinor field equation is:
(101)
being the center of the field configuration and
(102)
From (101) the total charge is finite as the charge density is continous and localized.
Let us deal with the spin tensor of the spinor field. Its general form is:
(103)
From the Expression (102), the spatial density of the spin tensor
is:
(104)
Thus, we have
(105)
(106)
The Relation (106) leads to the definition of the chronometric invariant of the spatial density as follows:
(107)
Thus, the projection of the spin vector on the radial axis has the form:
(108)
Note that the spin tensor of the spinor field has a finite value.
We can conclude that Dirac’s nonlinear equation has configuration with finite value of the total charge and the total spin.
It is necessary to clarify the role of the nonlinear terms in the nonlinear field equations in the formation of regular localized soliton-like solutions. In this case, we must resolve Dirac’s equation and compare its solutions with solutions to nonlinear spinor equations. For detail refer to [9].
4. Concluding Remarks
Taking into account the proper gravitational field of elementary particles, the solutions that we have obtained in this research work are soliton-like solutions. They are regular with a localized energy density and limited total energy. The metric functions are stationary, the total charge and the total spin have finite quantities else. The soliton-like solutions exist in flat espace-time and absent in linear case. The nonlinear terms, the proper gravitaional field and the geometrical form of the metric play an important role in the obtaining of the soliton-like solutions. Note that in static plane symmetric metric the charge Q and spin have not finite value but in the spherical static symmetric metric, those are finite. In the forthcoming paper, we shall deal with Spherical symmetric solitons of interacting spinor and scalar fields in general relativity theory.