Hydatid Cyst of Para-Spinal Muscles as a Rare Cause of Back Pain in a Woman: A Case Report and Review of Literature ()
1. Introduction
Hydatid disease is due to infection by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus in its larval or cystic stage. The tapeworm lives in canids that are infected by eating the viscera of sheep containing hydatid cysts [1] [2] [3]. Hydatid disease is more common in sheep-raising areas, where dogs have access to infected offal. These areas include: New Zealand, Greece, Spain, Australia, South America, the Middle East and generally countries with low socio-economic conditions [4]. It commonly develops in the right lobe of the liver (65% to 75%) and the lungs (25% - 30%). Involvement of other parts of the body like the bones, muscles, spine, spleen, pericardium and myocardium is rare [5] [6]. Muscular hydatid cyst is uncommon due to unfavorable environment caused by lactic acid production in this organ. It constitutes only 2% - 3% of all the disease cases [7]. Here, we present a rare case of paraspinal hydatid cyst.
2. Case Presentation
A 36-year-old female presented to our surgical clinic with chief complaint of chronic pain in her right thoracolumbar area and sensation of fullness in the right lumbar paraspinal area for a duration of time about 4 months.
There was no history of unintentional weight loss, hematuria, abdominal pain, fever or antecedent trauma. Drug history was also negative.
On physical examination, no sensory deficit was detected, the straight leg rising test was negative and all tendon reflexes were in the range of normal.
A diffused non-tender swelling in right paraspinal muscle in thoracolumbar area was palpated. Blood workups including liver and renal function tests were insignificant.
There no abnormal finding in abdominal ultrasound and chest X-ray evaluation.
Ultrasound examination of the involved paraspinal area showed a multi- lobulated hyperechoic cystic lesion with thick wall measuring 6 * 3 cm in greatest diameter. The hydatid cyst was at the top of differential diagnosis list. MRI of lumbar spine demonstrated a multilocular encapsulated cystic lesion with regular boarder in para spinal muscles. The signal intensity of the cystic portion was low on T1 sequences and uniformly high on T2 sequences. There was no evidence of mass effect on adjacent bones or any sign of bone destruction (Figure 1). The patient was admitted in to the surgery ward with the diagnosis of hydatid cyst of paraspinal muscle based on the clinical and radiologic findings and underwent surgery. The lesion was excised completely (Figure 2). Definitive diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic evaluation. 12 months later at the final follow up, the patient was symptom free with all physical and laboratory results within normal range.
3. Discussion
Echinococcosis is caused by larva stage of the tape worm Echinococcus genus mostly echinococcus granulosus. Echinococcus granulosus life cycle comprises of a definitive carnivore host feeding off an herbivore intermediate host [4]. The adult Echinococcus granulosus dwells in the small intestine of the definitive
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Figure 1. MRI of lumbar spine demonstrating a cystic lesion.
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Figure 2. The hydatid cysts in para-spinal area were completely resected.
host. Eggs are excreted in the feces, after ingestion by a suitable intermediate host, eggs hatch in the small intestine and release oncospheres. They penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate through the circulatory system into different organs, especially the lungs and the liver. The oncospheres change into a thick- walled hydatid cyst in these organs and enlarges gradually, producing protoscolices and daughter cysts that fill the cyst interior. The definitive host becomes infected by swallowing the cyst-containing organs of the infected intermediate host. After ingestion, the protoscolices evaginate, attach to the intestinal mucosa, and develop into adult phase. Humans are aberrant intermediate hosts, and become infected by ingesting eggs. Oncospheres are released in the intestine, and hydatid cysts develop in a variety of organs. If cysts rupture, the liberated protoscolices may create secondary cysts in other sites within the body (secondary echinococcosis) [5]. Liver and lungs are the most common sites for cystic echinococcosis (CE) but the disease can be seen in any organ of the body. Musculoskeletal system is reported to be the fifth common site of cystic echinococcosis (CE) after lung, liver, central nervous system (CNS) and orbit by Geramizadeh. Paraspinal involvement is even more uncommon [6] [7] [8]. Muscular CE is mostly associated with hepatic involvement but rare isolated primary CE of skeletal muscle has been reported [9] [10] [11] [12]. High lactic acid level of muscle and muscle contraction make the muscle a harsh environment to attach to and survive in [13]. The proposed theory for translocation of parasite to paraspinal muscle is through the portal system to the IVC from where the parasite gets access to lumbar plexus during Valsalva maneuver occurring during daily activities [13] [14]. Nonspecific clinical findings of CE make it difficult to diagnose the disease just based on physical examination [6] [15] - [20]. CE has a slow development course which eventually become symptomatic as the cyst exert pressure over adjacent organs and structures depending on location and the size of the cyst. It may present with pain, palpable mass, obstruction of organs and ducts leading to swelling, inflammation and infection [6]. Different serologic tests such as ELISA for anti-echinococcal antibody, hemagglutination test, immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) have been used with variable success [12]. Although serologic tests are reported to have an acceptable sensitivity for intra-abdominal disease they suffer low sensitivity for other involved sites [18]. ELISA has been reported to have a sensitivity and specificity rate of 95% and 94% respectively [21]. Serologic tests are reported to be falsely negative in half of isolated intramuscular hydatidosis because of capsulate nature of the disease [6] [10] [19]. Different imaging modalities such as U/S, CT scan and MRI can be used to assist making the diagnosis with CT scan and MRI reported to be highly accurate [15] [22]. Our patient was a 36-year-old female who presented with chronic back pain and bulging in right thoracolumbar area. MRI and U/S were helpful supplements to physical examination in narrowing the differential diagnosis in this case and the final diagnosis of hydatid cyst in paraspinal muscles was confirmed after successful and complete excision of the lesion by histopathologic assessment.
Surgery is usually the optimal therapeutic strategy for hydatid cyst. Laparoscopic evacuation is indicated in some types of the cyst [23]. Moreover, in case of recurrence and high risk of contamination, non-toxic scolocidal agents or combined chemotherapy, particularly with Albendazole may be a proper alternative option.
4. Conclusion
Hydatid cyst should be included in differential diagnosis of cystic lesions in any area of the body, particularly in endemic areas. Radiologic assessments can be of great help reaching the final diagnosis. Surgical resection of the lesion is the therapeutic option of choice among several methods.
Sources of Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
Ethics Approval
Not applicable.
Consent for Publication
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient to participate in the treatment and publication.
Author’s Contribution
Hamidreza Khorshidi: Paper conception, supervised the work.
Mehrdad Taghipour: Data acquisition, data interpret and editing the manuscript.
Mohammad Moslemi: Writing of the manuscript and clinical data collection.
Leili Ebrahimi Farsangi: Data acquisition and clinical procedures of the study.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr Mina Rostami for her helpful suggestions in preparing the manuscript.