1. Introduction
“Voluntourism” or volunteer tourism has its roots in “volunteerism” which implies that individuals offer their services or affords to change some aspect of society for a better place to live [1] . The concept of volunteer tourism comprises both volunteerism and tourism which began as a niche form of tourism. Currently it can be discovered in virtually every industry and is becoming popular as mass tourism [2] [3] [4] . Singh and Singh [5] [6] [7] define volunteer tourism “… as being more of a conscientious practice of righteous tourism-one that comes closest to utopia. At best, it may be regarded as an altruistic form of tourism, which has the capacity to uphold the highest ideals, intrinsically interwoven in the tourism phenomenon”. Besides, Wearing [4] [5] defines volunteer tourists as “…for various reasons volunteer in an organized way to undertake a holiday that might involve aiding or alleviating the material poverty of some groups in society, the restoration of certain environments or research into aspects of society or environment.”
The volunteer tourism categories (Figure 1) [1] which as a form of “alternative tourism” offer an alternative direction where the objective is that the tourists help the local community. Volunteer tourism is linked to “social tourism” [1] [8] “charity tourism”, “moral tourism” [1] [9] and “serious tourism” [1] [10] that link the volunteer tourist to working on local projects in the community [1] that can be experienced with cultural tourism as well.
The number of the research studies on volunteer tourism is growing especially in many recent studies in terms of market, its scope and the motivation of participants [5] . The volunteer tourism sector has occurred since 1990 and it is estimated that 1.6 million people worldwide participate in volunteer tourism projects annually and that volunteer tourists spend between £832 million and £1.3 billion per year [11] [12] . Earthwatch who has been involved with volunteer projects between 1971-2008 found that upwards of 90,000 volunteers in 1350 projects across 120 countries, contribute US $67 million and 11 million hours to scientific fieldwork [11] [12] [13] . Furthermore, volunteer tourism is found on the World Wide Web. A Google search of the word “volunteer tourism” in April 2008 returned 230,000 hits, but in August 2017 found 6,170,000 hits which included published research, volunteer tourism operators and NGOs, and the popular press [12] [14] .
The situation of volunteer tourism in Thailand is growing and becoming more popular especially in “Gap Year” or teenagers who wants to travel and work as volunteers in Thailand, undertaking many activities such as teaching and childcare in schools, building houses, looking after elephants, and health care for local people. According to Kontogeorgopoulous [15] who has been studying “Finding oneself while discovering others: An existential perspective on volunteer tourism in Thailand” found that the volunteer tourism experience is driven by a desire for existential authenticity in both its intrapersonal and interpersonal varieties, and that working with children facilitates existentially authentic outcomes for
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Source: Callanan and Thomas (2005) [1] .
Figure 1. Categorising of volunteer tourism.
volunteers.
This paper is part of a research project “The voluntourism development in Sanuk group (Sakon Nakhon, Nakon Phanom, Mukdahan provinces) (2016) [16] [17] . This paper focuses on the volunteer tourists” attitude and needs in Thailand (Figure 2).
The objective of this paper is to analyse the demand of volunteer tourism in a developing country in case study in the Northeast of Thailand. The research study is the area of Sanuk province (Sakon Nakhon, Nakon Phanom, Mukdahan) (Figure 3) because this area requires volunteer tourism to develop the local community. The tourism income is very low [16] [17] therefore, volunteer
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Source: Suanpang (2016) [16] [17] .
Figure 2. Volunteer tourism in a developing country, a case study in Thailand.
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Source: Trekthailand (2012) [18] .
Figure 3. Research area in Sakon Nakhon, Nakon Phanom, Mukdahan province in Thailand.
tourism is needed as an alternative tourism that can benefit the local community in this area.
The article is organized as follows in five sections including an introduction to the volunteer tourism concept and the objectives of the study, the background of the study including a literature review and research framework with the methodology of the study, results, conclusion and future research.
2. Background of the Study
2.1. Factors Affecting the Demand of Volunteer Tourism
There are several factors that affect the demand of volunteer tourism which are related to volunteer tourism activities that volunteer tourists are able to do during their travels which must be understood. These include community welfare, teaching, business development, environmental regeneration, building projects, cultural development, environment protection and other/miscellaneous journalism [1] [16] . The demand of volunteer tourism is involved with motivation, attitude, needs and the expectation of volunteer tourists [5] as summarized in Table 1.
2.2. Research Framework
The research framework (Figure 4) designed for this study included four variables for developing a factor analysis of volunteer tourism including: attitude (atti), motivation (moti), needs, (need) and expectation (expect).
3. Methodology
This research was conducted using a quantitative method and was undertaken in 2016 in a developing country case study in 3 provinces (Sakon Nakhon, Nakon Phanom, Mukdahan) in the Northeast of Thailand. The population was 1,391,460 tourist which had participated in volunteer tourism activities in the
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Table 1. Literatures related to the variables of the study.
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Source: Suanpang (2016) [16] [17] .
Figure 4. Research framework.
research areas [25] . The sample size was 400 respondents based on Taro Yamane [26] with a confidence level of 95% (α = 0.05). The simple random technique used in this study. The questionnaires were tried out and the Conbach Alpha coefficient was 0.883.
The questionnaire comprised of 47 questions, of which six related to the demographic of the sample, attitude toward volunteer tourism 8 questions, motivation 9 questions, the expectation of volunteer tourism 7 questions with those using the Likert 5 scale ranging from 5 = strongly agree, 4 = agree, 3 = moderate, 2 = disagree, 1 = strongly disagree. Data was analyzed using SPSS for descriptive statistic and using Lisrel for factor analysis.
4. Findings
4.1. Demographic of the Volunteer Tourists
The demographic of the volunteer tourists in Table 2, found that most of the volunteer tourist were male (68%), aged between 51 - 60 years (24%), an educational level of a bachelor degree (57%), occupation of a government officer (37.50%) and income of between 10,001 - 20,000 baht/month respectively.
4.2. The Factory Analysis the Demand of Volunteer Tourist
The factor analysis of the demand of volunteer tourist in Table 3 found that the relationship of the variables attitude (atti) is related with motivation (moti) (v = 0.729), need (need) is related with attitude (atti) (v =.028) and motivation (moti) (v = 0.021), and expectation (expect) are related with expectation (expect) (v = 0.645), expectation (expect) (v = 0.638) and need (need) (v = 0.268) respectively.
The factor analysis model of the demand of volunteer tourism is shown in Figure 5 which identifies that Chi-Square = 5.32, df = 2, p-vale = 0.06978, RMSEA = 0.069. The factor that affected demand the highest was motivation (moti) loading factor (l) (l = 0.64), second, attitude (atti) (l = 0.56), third expectation (expect) (l = 0.49) and finally need (need) (l = 0.32) respectively.
The results of the confirmatory factory analysis in Table 4 found that motivation (moti) is the highest confirmatory factory analysis (b = 0.644), second attitude (atti) (b = 0.557), third expectation (expect) (b = 0.492) and finally need
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Table 2. Demographic of the respondents.
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Table 3. Relationship of the variables.
**p-value < 0.01.
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Source: Suanpang (2016) [16] [17] .
Figure 5. The factor analysis model of demand volunteer tourism.
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Table 4. The confirmatory factor analysis results.
**p-value < 0.01.
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Table 5. Statistical significance of the goodness of fit indices.
(need) (b = 0.319). Therefore, the values of the demand of volunteer tourism in the Sanuk group (Sakon Nakhon, Nakon Phanom, Mukdahan provinces) in Thailand were 71%, 73.40% and 57.30% respectively.
The statistical significance of the fit indices in Table 5, found that every variable passed the criteria [27] except
/df. Therefore, the variable factor attitude (atti), motivation (moti), need (need) and expectation (expect) were goodness of fit test for the demand of volunteer tourism in a developing country case study in Thailand.
5. Conclusions and Future Work
Volunteer tourism is becoming widespread because it brings a new tourism experience from “reviver” to become “giver” that tourist can spend time during their travels to help a community to become a better place to life. This created a valuable experience in the heart and soul of the tourist. Volunteer tourism is intensifying in Thailand, which is a developing country [28] [29] .
This paper studies the demand of volunteer tourism in a developing country case study in the Northeast of Thailand. The result found that, the most important factor was the “motivation” (l = 0.644) of tourists, second “attitude toward” (l = 0.557) volunteering, third “expectation” (l = 0.492) and finally “need” (l = 0.319) for helping people. Therefore, the variation of the demand of volunteer tourism was 71%, 73.40% and 57.30% respectively. By the statistical significance of the goodness of fit indices, the results found that every variable passed the criteria
The suggestion is that volunteer projects in developing countries should build motivating activities for volunteers that give knowledge back [18] , should initiate attitude toward joining volunteer projects and finally should develop more experience for the tourists to help the local community to become a better place to living.
Future research should study the factors that affect the decision making of the volunteer tourist to join volunteer tourism projects in developing countries in ASEAN such as in Laos and Cambodia.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to acknowledge The Thailand Research Fund (TRF) which provided the budget to conduct this research (RDG 5750008). Also would like to acknowledge Suan Dusit University which provided the resources for helping Panphu Primary School at Mukdahan provinces.