Studies on Mechanical Properties of Jute/E-Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites ()
Received 12 December 2015; accepted 11 January 2016; published 14 January 2016
1. Introduction
Natural fiber reinforced composite materials are considered as one of the new class of engineering materials. Interest in this area is rapidly growing both in terms of their industrial applications and fundamental research as they are renewable, cheap, completely or partially recyclable, and biodegradable. Among all the natural fiber reinforcing materials, jute appears to be a promising material because it is relatively inexpensive and commercially available in the required form. Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers (GFRP) is a fiber reinforced polymer made of a plastic matrix reinforced by fine fibers of glass. Fiber glass is a lightweight, strong, and robust material used in different industries due to their excellent properties. Hybridization of glass fiber with Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) resulted in composites having a superior mechanical performance. A positive hybrid effect is observed in the elongation property. Thus, glass and OPEFB hybrid fiber reinforcement in Phenol- formaldehyde (PF) resin resulted in a cost effective and a lightweight composite having good performance qualities. These composites may find applications as structural materials where higher strength and cost considerations are important [1] . The tensile, flexural and impact properties of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) and sisal reinforced polyester composites are improved by the incorporation of a small amount of glass fibers in these composites, showing positive hybrid effect [2] . The mechanical properties of the composites are improved due to the addition of glass fiber along with palmyra fiber in the matrix and decrease the moisture absorption of the composites [3] . Glass/sugar palm composites are found to have an increase in tensile, flexural, and impact properties with increasing fiber content and the weight ratio of glass/sugar palm fibers [4] . The tensile properties of the flax/glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites were improved with the increasing of glass fiber content. The interlaminar shear strength and the interlaminar fracture toughness of flax/glass fiber reinforced hybrid composites were higher than those of GFRP [5] . Experimental study on untreated woven jute fabric-strengthened polyester composites shows the capability of this renewable wellspring of normal fiber for utilization in various consumable products [6] . The market scenario for composite applications is changing due to the introduction of newer biodegradable polymers. Composite materials reinforced with natural fibers, such as flax, hemp, kenaf and jute, are gaining increasing importance in automotive, aerospace, packaging and other industrial applications [7] . The purpose of this study is to make use of natural fiber like jute fiber, which is abundantly available in India and to incorporate with synthetic fiber like glass fiber to enhance the mechanical properties. In this paper, an effect of hybridization of jute/E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites is evaluated. The results of the tests help in determining the potential applications of the jute/E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
2. Experimental Procedures
2.1. Materials
Bidirectional Jute fiber mats of thickness 0.4 mm are purchased from Chandra Prakash & Co. Jaipur, India. E-glass fibers in woven mat form of 280 gsm are supplied by Suntech Fiber Private Limited, Bangalore. Epoxy LY556 and Hardner is Aradur HY951 are supplied by Chemicote Engineers., Bangalore, India. Table 1 and Table 2 indicate Physical properties of Jute fiber and E-glass fiber respectively.
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Table 1. Physical properties of Jute fiber [8] .
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Table 2. Physical properties of E-glass fiber.
2.2. Specimen Fabrication
An attempt has been made to fabricate composites by using jute, E-glass and a hybrid of jute/E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy. The mechanical properties like tensile, impact, flexural and inter laminar shear strength are analyzed.
2.2.1. Preparation of Epoxy-Hardner Mixture
For each laminate nearly 400 g of epoxy-hardner mixture is taken. Hardner is taken in the ratio of 1:10 (i.e.; for every 10 g of epoxy 1 g of hardner is added). Then the mixture is thoroughly mixed for some time and is used for preparing laminates.
2.2.2. Fabrication Procedure
In this study, manual hand layup method is used for preparing composite laminates as shown in Figure 1. First of all, a release gel is sprayed on the mould surface to avoid the sticking of epoxy to the surface. Thin plastic sheets are used at the top and bottom of the mould plate to get a good surface finish of the product. Reinforcement in the form of woven mat jute fabrics and E-Glass fibers are cut as per the mould size and placed at the surface of mould after perspex sheet. Then epoxy in liquid form is mixed thoroughly in suitable proportion with a prescribed hardener (curing agent) and poured onto the surface of mat already placed in the mould. The epoxy is uniformly spread with the help of the brush. The second layer of mat is then placed on the epoxy surface and a roller is moved with a mild pressure on the mat-epoxy layer to remove any air trapped as well as the excess epoxy present. The process is repeated for each layer of epoxy and mat, till the required layers are stacked. After placing the plastic sheet, release gel is sprayed on the inner surface of the top mould plate which is then kept on the stacked layers and the pressure is applied. After curing either at room temperature or at some specific temperature at 60˚C - 80˚C, the mould is opened and the developed composite part is taken out and further processed. For epoxy based system, normal curing time at room temperature is 24 - 48 hours.
3. Testing of Composites
The mechanical properties are carried out by different instruments for the fabricated composites. Table 3 shows laminates designations and layer sequence of each laminate are as shown in Figures 2-5. The thickness of
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Figure 1. Laminates making using hand lay-up technique.
*(G―Glass layer, J―Jute layer).
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Figure 2. Schematic representation of composite 1.
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Figure 3. Schematic representation of composite 2.
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Figure 4. Schematic representation of composite 3.
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Figure 5. Schematic representation of composite 4.
each layer of Jute is 0.4 mm and each layer of glass is 0.28 mm. As per ASTM standard, the thickness of each laminates is 3 mm, So as to maintain the ASTM standard, considering 10 layers of glass for L1 (Pure glass and epoxy-hardner mixture), for L2 it takes 4 layers of glass and 3 layers of jute (mixture of jute/glass and epoxy-hardner mixture, Note: outer layers are jute), for L3 it takes 6 layers of glass (Pure jute combination and epoxy-hardner mixture) and for L4 it takes 4 layers of glass and 4 layers of jute (mixture of glass/jute and epoxy-hardner mixture, Note: outer layers are glass).
3.1. Tensile Test
The tensile test is done by cutting the composite specimen as per ASTM: D638 standard (sample dimension is 216 × 19 × 3 mm3). A universal testing machine (UTM) (Model: KIC-2-1000-C) is used for testing with a maximum load rating of 100 KN. Composite specimens with different fiber combinations are tested, which are shown in Figure 6. In each case, three samples are tested and the average is determined and noted. The specimen is held in the grip and load is applied and the corresponding deflections are noted. The load is applied until the specimen breaks and break load, ultimate tensile strengths are noted. Tensile stress and strain are recorded and load vs length graphs are generated.
3.2. Flexural Test
The flexural test is done in a three point flexural setup as per ASTM: D790 standard (sample dimension is 80 × 8 × 3 mm3). When a load is applied at the middle of the specimen, it becomes bends and fractures as shown in Figure 7. This test is carried out in the UTM from which the breaking load is recorded and load vs length graphs are generated.
3.3. Impact Test
The impact test is done in a charpy impact setup as per ASTM: D256 standard (sample dimension is 65 × 12.5 × 3 mm3). The specimens are shown in Figure 8. The specimen must be loaded in the testing machine and allows the pendulum until it fractures or breaks. Using the impact test, the energy needed to break the material is noted and used to measure the toughness of the material and the yield strength. The effect of strain rate on fracture and ductility of the material is analyzed.
3.4. Inter Laminar Shear Strength (ILSS) Test
The ILSS test is done by UTM as per ASTM: D2344 standard (sample dimension is 45 × 6 × 3 mm3). The specimens are shown in Figure 9. It is one of the quality control parameters for laminated advanced composites. It indicates the maximum shear stress existing between layers of a laminated material.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Tensile Properties
The composites specimens L1, L2, L3, and L4 are tested for tensile properties in UTM and obtained tensile properties are shown in Table 4. The load vs Length curves are shown in Figure 10. The mechanical properties like break load, tensile modulus and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) are shown in Table 4. The stress vs strain curves is shown in Figure 11. Figure 12 shows sample graph of load vs Length obtained by UTM after tensile test. The Laminate L1 which consists of pure glass layers shows a high tensile strength of 280.25 N/mm2 and L3 which consists of pure jute layers shows a lower tensile strength of 50.641 N/mm2, but the mixture of jute/glass layers laminates L2 & L4 shows better results than the L3.
4.2. Flexural Properties
The flexural properties including flexural modulus and ultimate flexural strength (UFS) of composites L1, L2, L3 and L4 are tabulated in Table 5. Typical load vs Length curves are shown in Figure 13 and stress vs strain curves are shown in Figure 14. The Laminate L1 shows a high flexural strength of 359.14 N/mm2 and L3 which shows a lower flexural strength of 165.92 N/mm2. Again as like tensile strength here also the mixture of jute/glass laminates L2 & L4 shows better results than the L3.
4.3. Impact Property
The loss of energy during impact is the energy absorbed by the specimen during impact. The values are tabulated in Table 6. Figure 15 shows a comparison between energy absorbed by the different combination of composites. The L1 shows very high impact strength compare to all other laminates, but L2 & L4 shows similar impact strength of 4.35 J which is better than L3. The L3 shows very poor impact strength of 1.3 J.
4.4. Inter Laminar Shear Strength (ILSS)
Table 7 shows ILSS results for different combinations of composites. The load vs length curves are presented in Figure 16 and stress vs strain curves are plotted in Figure 17. The L1 shows better ILSS of 18.304 N/mm2. There is no rapid change in ILSS of L2, L3 & L4 which is around 10 N/mm2, but L4 shows better when to compare to L2 & L3.
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Figure 10. Load vs length graph for tensile test.
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Figure 11. Stress vs strain for tensile test.
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Figure 12. Sample graph obtained from UTM for load vs length (tensile test).
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Figure 13. Load vs length graph for the flexural test.
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Figure 14. Stress vs strain for flexural test.
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Table 4. Tensile properties of composites.
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Table 5. Flexural properties of composites.
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Table 6. Impact strength of composites.
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Table 7. Inter laminar shear strength of composites.
5. Conclusions
This paper presents the fabrication of hybrid composite using jute and E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite by hand layup method. From the tests, the following conclusions are drawn:
The composite L3 of jute fiber composition shows very poor results when compared with composite L1 of E-Glass fiber composition.
The hybrid composites L2 & L4 of Jute/E-Glass fiber compositions show better results than composite L3. Laminate L4 shows better than L2, because it consists of glass as outer layers.
The incorporation of glass fiber in jute fiber composites enhances the mechanical properties and it leads to the increase of the utilization of natural fibers in various applications.