Real Time MR Thermometry Using Tm-DOTMA

Abstract

We present results of real-time and sensitive MR Thermometry (MRT) using a paramagnetic lanthanide complex thulium 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraa-cetate (Tm-DOTMA) to study radio frequency (RF) heating induced by a copper wire and a titanium bone screw in an agarose gel phantom. The temperature dependent chemical shift coefficient (TDCSC) of the methyl resonance was found to be 0.7 ± 0.03 ppm/°;C in agarose gel. The methyl protons of Tm-DOTMA were imaged using 2D chemical shift imaging (CSI) and 3D phase mapping methods (PMM), approximately 7 sec long, and compared with conventional water proton resonance frequency (PRF) method. Two RF-induced heating approaches were tested: 1) using a prescan before the MRT; or 2) using the heating caused by the imaging pulse during continuous imaging. Both approaches allowed detection of temperature changes which are less than 1°;C and continuously mapping temperature changes around the copper wire. Using a heating pre-scan, the Tm-DOTMA 2D-CSI allowed better qualitative visualization of the temperature changes around the titanium screw compared with water phase shift thermometry. Numerical electromagnetic field simulations were also conducted for the evaluation of orientation dependency using the copper wire in 4.7 T (200 MHz). Thermometry approach using Tm-DOTMA can detect smaller temperature changes with decreased scanning time resulting in real-time and sensitive temperature mapping.

Share and Cite:

Park, B. , Lizak, M. , Angelone, L. and Rajan, S. (2015) Real Time MR Thermometry Using Tm-DOTMA. Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, 7, 115-125. doi: 10.4236/jemaa.2015.74013.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] US Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration (2003) Criteria for Significant Risk Investigations of Magnetic Resonance Diagnostic Devices—Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff. FDA, Silver Spring.
[2] IEC (2010) International Standard, Medical Equipment Part 2-33: Particular Requirements for the Safety of Magnetic Resonance Equipment for Medical Diagnosis. 3rd Edition, International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, No. 60601-2-33.
[3] Mattei, E., Calcagnini, G., Censi, F., Triventi, M. and Bartolini, P. (2010) Numerical Model for Estimating RF-Induced Heating on a Pacemaker Implant During MRI: Experimental Validation. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 57, 2045-2052.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2010.2043102
[4] ASTM (2008) Standard Practice for Marking Medical Devices and Other Items for Safety in the Magnetic Resonance Environment. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, ASTM F2503-13.
http://www.astm.org/Standards/F2503.htm
[5] Neufeld, E., Kuhn, S., Szekelyand, G. and Kuster, N. (2009) Measurement, Simulation and Uncertainty Assessment of Implant Heating during MRI. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 54, 4151-4169.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/54/13/012
[6] Liu, Y., Chen, J., Shellock, F.G. and Kainz, W. (2013) Computational and Experimental Studies of an Orthopedic Implant: MRI-Related Heating at 1.5-T/64-MHz and 3-T/128-MHz. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 37, 491-497.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri.23764
[7] Detti, V., Grenier, D., Perrin, E. and Beuf, O. (2011) Assessment of Radiofrequency Self-Heating Around a Metallic Wire with MR T1-Based Thermometry. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 66, 448-455.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.22834
[8] Gensler, D., Fidler, F., Ehses, P., Warmuth, M., Reiter, T., Düring, M., Ritter, O., Ladd, M.E., Quick, H.H., Jakob, P.M., Bauer, W.R. and Nordbeck, P. (2012) MR Safety: Fast T1 Thermometry of the RF-Induced Heating of Medical Devices. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 68, 1593-1599.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.24171
[9] Shrivastava, D., Hanson, T., Kulesa, J., Tian, J.F., Adriany, G. and Vaughan, J.T. (2011) Radiofrequency Heating in Porcine Models with a ‘‘Large’’ 32 cm Internal Diameter, 7 T (296 MHz) Head Coil. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 66, 255-263.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.22790
[10] Hofstetter, L.W., Yeo, D.T., Dixon, W.T., Kempf, J.G., Davis, C.E. and Foo, T.K. (2012) Fat-Referenced MR Thermometry in the Breast and Prostate Using IDEAL. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 36, 722-732.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri.23692
[11] John, C.C. and Guy, A.W. (1974) Nonionizing Electromagnetic Wave Effects in Biological Materials and Systems, Proceedings of the IEEE, 60, 692-718.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1972.8728
[12] Mattei, E., Triventi, M., Calcagnini, G., Censi, F., Kainz, W., Bassenand, H.I. and Bartolini, P. (2007) Temperature and SAR Measurement Errors in the Evaluation of Metallic Linear Structures Heating during MRI Using Fluoroptic® Probes. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 52, 1633-1646.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/52/6/006
[13] Shapiro, E.M., Borthakur, A., Shapiro, M.J. Reddy, R. and Leigh, J.S. (2002) Fast MRI of RF Heating via Phase Difference Mapping. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 47, 492-498.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.10067
[14] Park, B.S., Neuberger, T., Webb, A.G., Bigler, D.C. and Collins, C.M. (2010) Faraday Shields within a Solenoidal Coil to Reduce Sample Heating: Numerical Comparison of Designs and Experimental Verification. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 202, 72-77.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2009.09.023
[15] Oh, S., Webb, A.G., Neuberger, T., Park, B.S. and Collins, C.M. (2010) Experimental and Numerical Assessment of MRI-Induced Temperature Change and SAR Distributions in Phantoms and in Vivo. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 63, 218-223.
[16] James, J.R., Gao, Y., Miller, M.A., Babsky, A. and Bansal, N. (2009) Absolute Temperature MR Imaging with Thulium 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-Tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-Tetraacetic Acid (TmDOTMA-). Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 62, 550-556.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.22039
[17] Coman, D., Trubela, H.K., Rycyna, R.E. and Hyder, F. (2009) Brain Temperature and pH Measured by 1H Chemical Shift Imaging of a Thulium Agent. NMR in Biomedicine, 22, 229-239.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nbm.1312
[18] Aime, S., Botta, M., Fasano, M., Terreno, E., Kinchesh, P., Calabi, L. and Paleari, L. (1996) A New Ytterbium Chelate as Contrast Agent in Chemical Shift Imaging and Temperature Sensitive Probe for MR Spectroscopy. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 35, 648-651.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.1910350504
[19] Zuo, C.S., Bowers, J.L., Metz, K.R., Nosaka, T., Sherry, A.D. and Clouse, M.E. (1996) TmDOTP5-: A Substance for NMR Temperature Measurements in Vivo. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 36, 955-959.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.1910360619
[20] Coman, D., Trubela, H.K. and Hyder, F. (2010) Brain Temperature by Biosensor Imaging of Redundant Deviation in Shifts (BIRDS): Comparison between TmDOTP5- and TmDOTMA-. NMR in Biomedicine, 23, 277-285.
[21] Hekmatyar, S.K., Paige, H., Sait, K.P., Andriy, B. and Navin, B. (2005) Noninvasive MR Thermometry Using Paramagnetic Lanthanide Complexes of 1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclodoecane-α, α', α'', α'''-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTMA4-). Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 53, 294-303.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.20345
[22] Graedel, N.N., Polimeni, J.R., Guerin, B., Gagoski, B. and Wald. L.L. (2015) An Anatomically Realistic Temperature Phantom for Radiofrequency Heating Measurements. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 73, 442-450.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.25123
[23] Jenkinson, M. (2003) Fast, Automated, N-Dimensional Phase-Unwrapping Algorithm. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 49, 193-197.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.10354
[24] Rieke, V. and Pauly, K.B. (2008) MR Thermometry. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 27, 376-390.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmri.21265
[25] Haase, A., Frahm, J., Hanicke, W. and Matthaei, D. (1985) 1H NMR Chemical Shift Selective (CHESS) Imaging. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 30, 341-344.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/30/4/008
[26] Tkac, I., Starcuk, Z., Choi, I.Y. and Gruetter, R. (1999) In Vivo 1H NMR Spectroscopy of Rat Brain at 1 ms Echo Time. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 41, 649-656.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(199904)41:4<649::AID-MRM2>3.0.CO;2-G
[27] Park, B.S., Webb, A.G. and Collins, C.M. (2009) A Method to Separate Conservative and Magnetically-Induced Electric Fields in Calculations for MR Microscopy. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 199, 233-237.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2009.05.007
[28] Institute for Magnetic Resonance Safety, Education, and Research (IMRSER).
http://www.imrser.org/
[29] Muranaka, H., Horiguchi, T., Ueda, Y. and Tanki, N. (2011) Evaluation of RF Heating due to Various Implants during MR Procedures. Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences, 10, 11-19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2463/mrms.10.11

Journals Menu
Follow SCIRP
Contact us
customer@scirp.org
WhatsApp +86 18163351462(WhatsApp)
Click here to send a message to me 1655362766
Paper Publishing WeChat

Copyright © 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.