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[1]
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Lowell, B.L., Findlay, A. and Stewart, E. (2004) Brain Strain: Optimising Highly Skilled Emigration from Developing Countries. Asylum and Migration Working Paper 3, Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR), London.
http://www.ippr.org.uk/ecomm/files/brainstrain.pdf
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[2]
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UN (2002) International Migration, United Nations, Department of Economics and Social Affairs, Population Division, New York.
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[3]
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Lucas, R.E. (2005) International Migration and Economic Development: Lesson from Low Income Countries. Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham.
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[4]
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Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific (2003) Migration and Poverty in Asia; With Preference to Bangladesh, China, the Philippines, Viet Nam’ (Item 6(a) of the Provisional Agenda.
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[5]
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Winters, L.A. (2002) The Economic Implications of Liberalising Mode 4 Trade. Joint WTO-World Bank Symposium on “The Movement of Natural Persons (Mode 4) under the GATS”, WTO, Geneva, 33 p.
http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/symp_apr_02_winters_e.doc
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[6]
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Ratha, D., Mohapatra, S. and Scheja, E. (2011) Impact of Migration on Economic and Social Development. International Organization for Migration Web Site.
http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/what-we-do/migration-policy-and-research/migration-policy-1/migration-policy-practice/issues/octobernovember-2011/impact-of-migration-on-economic-and-soci.html
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[7]
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Epstein, G., Heintz, J., Ndikumana, L. and Chang, G. (2010) Employment, Poverty and Economic Development in Madagascar: A Macroeconomic Framework. From International Labour Organization Web Site.
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_policy/---cepol/documents/publication
/wcms_161398.pdf
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[8]
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Finn, M.G. (2010) Stay Rates of Foreign Doctorate Recipients from US Universities, 2007. Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/971617
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United Nations (2004) World Economic and Social Survey 2004. UN DESA, New York.
http://www.un.org/esa/policy/wess/
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[10]
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United Nations (UN/DESA) International Migrants Stock. The 2008 Revision.
http://esa.un.org/migration
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[11]
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The Most Widely Used Database on Worldwide Brain Drain Is That of Docquier and Marfouk (2006) Which Was Later Revised to Provide a Gender Breakdown (Docquier, Lowell and Marfouk, 2009) It Was Subsequently Expanded in Docquier, et al. (2011) Which Includes Non-OECD Host Countries and Therefore Captures South-South flows. The First Version of This Database Was Kindly Made Available to the UNCTAD Secretariat by Its Authors.
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[12]
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Berry, R.A. and Soligo, R. (1969) Some Welfare Aspects of International Migration. Journal of Political Economy, 77, 778-794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/259562
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[13]
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Bhagwati, J. and Hamada, K. (1974) The Brain Drain, International Integration of Markets for Professionals and Unemployment: A Theoretical Analysis. Journal of Development Economics, 1, 19-42.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(74)90020-0
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[14]
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Miyagiwa, K. (1991) Scale Economies in Education and the Brain Drain Problem. International Economic Review, 32, 743-759. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2527117
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[15]
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Haque, N.U. and Kim, S.-J. (1995) “Human Capital Flight”: Impact of Migration on Income and Growth. IMF Staff Papers, 42, 577-607. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3867533
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[16]
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Wong, K. and Yip, C.K. (1999) Education, Economic Growth, and Brain Drain. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 23, 699-726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1889(98)00040-2
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[17]
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Madagascar Net Migration Rate (2013) Index Mundi Web Site.
http://www.indexmundi.com/madagascar/net_migration_rate.html
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[18]
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Borjas, G.J. (2009) Immigration in High-Skill Labor Markets: The Impact of Foreign Students on the Earning of Doctorates (No. w12085). National Bureau of Economic Research.
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