Distribution of Diuron in Coastal Seawater and Sediments from West Sea Area of Zhoushan Island

Huanzhi Xu, Ading Lu, Hao Yu, Jingya Sun, Ming Shen

Marine Science and Technology College of Zhejiang Ocean University.
National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhoushan, China.
North China Sea Marine Technical Support Center of State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao, China.

DOI: 10.4236/ojms.2013.33015                

Abstract

The pollution level of diuron in seawater and sediments in the west coastal sea area of Zhoushan Island from 2011 to 2013 was investigated. Results revealed that the concentration of diuron in seawater varies from less than (3.0 to 52.1) ng·L^-1, with an average level of less than 11.1 ng^.L^-1. The annual average content was less than 7.9 ng^.L^-1, 13.9 ng^.L^-1, and 12.3 ng^.L^-1 in 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively. The concentrations of diuron in marine sediments also varied from less than (0.3 to 3.9) ng^.g^-1 (dry weight), with an average concentration of less than 1.13 ng g^-1 (dry weight). The annual average concentration was less than 0.851 ng^.g^-1, 1.328 ng^.g^-1, and 1.202 ng^.g^-1 in 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively. The accumulation of diuron in seawater and sediments may pose a potential risk to the marine ecosystem of the investigated sea area.

Keywords

Diuron; Seawater; Sediment; Zhoushan Island

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	Oregon State University and Intertox, Inc., “Diuron. Road side Vegetation Management. Herbicide Fact Sheet,” Wa shington State Department of Transportation’s (WSDOT) Integrated Vegetation Management Program, 2006. http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/NR/rdonlyres/A8A7E00F-B0FC-440B-AF2A-7FC201DFB549/0/diuron.pdf
[2]	“T. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia,” 2013. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCMU
[3]	S. Balakrishnan, K. Takeda and H. Sakugaw, “Occurrence of Diuron and Irgarol in Seawater, Sediments and Plank tons of Seto Inland Sea, Japan,” Geochemical Journal, Vol. 46, 2012, pp. 169-177.
[4]	Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA), 2012. http://www.apvma.gov.au/products/review/completed/diuron.php
[5]	Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA), “Diuron Final Review Report,” 2012.http://www.apvma.gov.au/products/review/docs/final_diuron_report.pdf
[6]	Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA), “Diuron Review,” 2012. http://www.apvma.gov.au/products/review/docs/diuron_vol1.pdf
[7]	B. Ferrucio, C. A. Franchi, N. F. Boldrin, M. L. de Oli veira and J. L. de Camargo, “Evaluation of Diuron (3 [3,4-dichlorophenyl]-1,1-dimethyl urea) in a Two-Stage Mouse Skin Carcinogenesis Assay,” Toxicologic Pathology, Vol. 38, No. 5, 2010, pp. 756-764. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20574074
[8]	K. Schiff, “Sediment Chemistry on the Mainland Shelf of the Southern California Bight,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 40, No. 3, 2000, pp. 267-276. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00216-7
[9]	State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision of China, “Part 3: Sample Collection, Storage and Transpor tation,” National Standard of China for the Specification for Marine Monitoring GB17378.3-2007, Standards Press of China, Beijing, 2007.
[10]	G. Gatidou, A. Kotrikla, N. S. Thomaidis and T. D. Lek kas, “Determination of the Antifouling Booster Biocides Irgarol 1051 and Diuron and Their Metabolites in Sea water by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Di ode-Array Detector,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 528, No. 1, 2005, pp. 89-99. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2004.10.012
[11]	State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision of China, “Part 5: Sediment Analysis,” National Standard of China for the Specification for Marine Monitoring GB 17378.5-2007, Standards Press of China, Beijing, 2007.
[12]	Y. Sapozhnikova, E. Wirth, K. Schiff and M. Fulton, “Antifouling Biocides in Water and Sediments from Cali fornia Marinas,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.01.039
[13]	K. V. Thomas, M. McHugh and M. Waldock, “Antifoul ing Paint Booster Biocides in UK Coastal Waters: Inputs, Occurrence and Environmental Fate,” Science of The to tal Environment, Vol. 293, No. 1-3, 2002, pp. 117-127. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(01)01153-6
[14]	G. Gatidou, N. S. Thomaidis and J. L .Zhou, “Fate of Ir garol 1051, Diuron and Their Main Metabolites in two UK Marine Systems after Restrictions in Antifouling Paints,” Environment International, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2007, pp. 70-77. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2006.07.002
[15]	H. Harino, Y. Mori, Y. Yamaguchi, K. Shibata and T. Senda, “Monitoring of Antifouling Booster Biocides in Water and Sediment from the Port of Osaka , Japan,” Ar chives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 48, No. 3, 2005, pp. 303-310. doi:10.1007/s00244-004-0084-2
[16]	S. Eguchi, H. Harino and Y. Yamamoto, “Assessment of Antifouling Biocides Contaminations in Maizuru Bay, Japan,” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 58, No. 3, 2010, pp. 684-93. doi:10.1007/s00244-009-9394-8
[17]	New Zealand’s Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), “Substance Exposure Limit Register,” 2003. http://www.epa.govt.nz/search-databases/Pages/substance-exposure-limit-register.aspx#eel-tab-soil
[18]	OPP Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database, 2008. http://www.ec.gc.ca/ese-ees/default.asp?lang=En&n=6BC4E5D3-1#a8
[19]	A. Moncada, “DPR Report: Environmental Fate of Di uron,” DPR Pesticide Chemistry Database, Environmen tal Monitoring Branch, Department of Pesticide Regula tion, 2003. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/empm/pubs/fatememo/diuron.pdf
[20]	S. D. W Comber, G. Franklin, M. J. Gardner, C. D. Watts, A. B. A. Boxall and J. Howcroft, “Partitioning of Marine Antifoulants in the Marine Environment,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 286, No. 1-3, 2002, pp. 61-71. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00963-9
[21]	H. Yamada, “Behaviour, Occurrence and Aquatic Toxi city of New Antifouling Biocides and Preliminary As sessment of Risk to Aquatic Ecosystems,” Bulletin of Fisheries Research Agency, Vol. 21, 2007, pp. 31-45.
[22]	J. L. Zhou, “Occurrence and Persistence of Antifouling Biocide Irgarol 1051 and Its Main Metabolite in the Coastal Waters of Southern England,” Science of the To tal Environment, Vol. 406, No. 1-2, 2008, pp. 239-246. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.07.049