Binding Ability of Corn Cobs Hemicellulose toward Cadmium

  Muchlisyam, Urip Harahap, Jansen Silalahi, Zul Alfian

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of North Sumatera, Medan, Indonesia.
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of North Sumatera, Medan, Indonesia.

DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2013.47A012                

Abstract

Non-Starch Polysaccahride (NSP) is an agricultural byproduct containing of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. Hemicellulose has a hydroxyl functional group and carboxylic function on the monomer hemicellulose used as a binding ability for cadmium ion and hence as a pharmaceutical active ingredient to prevent cadmium toxicity. The purpose of this study is to isolate and evaluate hemicelluloses from corn cobs as a binding ability toward cadmium ion. The study is conducted by isolating the corn cobs in such way using 0.2 M NaOH, characterization of hemicellulose from corn cobs produced by Infra Red Spectrofotometry. Binding ability of corn cobs hemicellulose (CCH) was done in 3 ways. The first, it was by titrimetric with cadmium 3 mg/cm3 as a titrant and indicator of 0.05 N NaOH. The second, it was by in vitro test at pH 2 as a comparison to use pectin. The third, the in vivo test was conducted in 3 variations of treatment covering CCH 10 mg, 100 mcg of cadmium for 10 weeks. Assay of cadmium was conducted using atomic absorption spectrophotometry with flame at a wavelength of 228.8 nm. The research result showed that the highest yield of hemicellulose (12.04%) was obtained from delignication with 0.03 M NaOH in 60% ethanol and 3% H2O2, hemicellulose isolation with 500 cm3 of 0.2 M NaOH, and precipitation with 1:4 ratio of 10% acetic acid in 95% ethanol. Characteristics of CCH on infrared vibration methods provide vibrational hemicellulose in the region of 1820-1600 cm^-1. It meant that the functional group carbonyl was present, and the vibration widened near 3400-2400 cm^-1. It indicated that there was the functional group vibration region of hydroxyl. It also meant that there was carboxylic group and finger print at 1500-500 cm^-1. Test results of the titrimetric holding ability showed that CCH was binding 100 mg of cadmium (46.17 ± 0.9256) mg or 46.17%. Binding ability test results at pH 2 showed that 300 mg of CCH yield was binding 30 mg cadmium of (26.68 ± 0.1490) mg or 88.93%. The results of in vivo tests showed that cadmium levels decreased by 95.05%. Based on the exposure, it can be concluded that the CCH isolation yields of 12.04% and can reduce cadmium levels in the blood. It means that the CCH can be used as a chelating agent of cadmium ions by in vitro and in vivo.

Keywords

Corn Cobs; Hemicellulose; Cadmium Solution; Binding Ability; In Vitro; In Vivo

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	W. C. Prozialeck, J. R. Edward, W. N. Nebert, J. M. Woods, A. Barchowsky and W. D. Atchison, “The Vascular System as a Target of Metal Toxicity,” Toxicology Sciences Journal, Vol. 102, No. 2, 2008, pp. 207-218. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm263
[2]	S. J. Casas and J. Dan Sordo, “Lead Chemistry, Analytical Aspects,” Environmental Impact and Health Effects, 2006, pp. 3-5.
[3]	S. Jickel and A. Negrusz, “Clarke’s Analytical Forensic Toxicology,” 3th Edition, Pharmaceutical Press, Chichago, 2008.
[4]	R. Caprita, A. Caprita and C. Dan Julean, “Biochemical Aspect of Non-Polysaccarides,” Animals Sceinces and Biotechnologies, Vol. 43, No. 1, 2010, pp. 1-4.
[5]	A. M. Karaaslan, M. A. Tshabalala and D. G. Buschle, “Wood Hemisellulose/Chitosan-Basedsemi-Interpenetrating Networks Hydrogels: Mechanical, Swelling and Control Drug Release Properties,” Journal of Bioresources, Vol. 5 No. 2, 2010, pp. 1036-1054.
[6]	M. P. Yadav, D. B. Johnston and K. B. Hicks, “Structural Characterization of Corn Fiber Gums from Coarse and Fine Fiber and a Study of Their Emulsifying Properties,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 55, No. 15, 2007, pp. 6366-6371. doi:10.1021/jf070024q
[7]	C. B. Saha, “Hemicellulose Bioconversion,” Journal of Microbiologie Biotechnologie, Vol. 30 No. 16, 2003, pp. 279-291.
[8]	A. E. Silva, H. R. Marcelino, M. C. S. Gomes, E. E. Oliveira, T. Nagashima Jr. and E. S. T. Egito, “Xylan, a Promising Hemicellulose for Pharmaceutical Use,” Products and Applications of Biopolymers Journal, 2008, pp. 60-82.
[9]	E. Purwoningsih, “Effect of Molecular Weight Chitosan against Levels Plumbum (Pb) Blood and Enzyme Activity-Alad δ (Delta Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase) Albino Mice (Mus Musculus L) Healthcare,” Master Thesis, University of North Sumatra, Medan, 2008.
[10]	I. M. Tarigan, “Analysis of the Applicability of Chitosan and Chitosan Beads as Adsorbents Standard Solution to Lower Levels of Iron (Fe) and Aluminum (Al) by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry,” Master Thesis, University of North Sumatra, Medan, 2008.
[11]	W. W. Wong, F. M. A. Abbas, M. T. Liong and M. E. Azhar, “Modification of Durian Ring for Improved Biosorbent Ability,” International Food Research Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3, 2008, pp. 363-365.
[12]	S. Dumitriu, “Polysaccharides: Structural Diversity Dan Functional Versatility,” Marcel Dekker, New York, 2005.
[13]	N. Richana, T. T. Irawadi and A. M. Nur, “The Extraction of Hemicellulose from Corn Cobs,” Postharvest Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2007, pp. 38-43.
[14]	H. G. Britthin, “Spectroscopy of Pharmaceutical Solids,” Center for Pharmaceutical Physis Taylor and Francis Group, New York, 2006. doi:10.1201/9780849361333
[15]	C. A. Moffat, D. M. Osellton and B. Widdop, “Clarke’s Analysis of Drugs and Poisons,” Pharmaceutical Press, London, 2005.
[16]	J. Szkoda and J. Zmudzki, “Determination of Lead and Cadmium in Biological Material by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method,” Buletin Veterinair Institute, Vol. 49, 2005, pp. 89-92.
[17]	J. B. Smith and S. Mangkoewidjojo, “The Maintenance, Breeding and Use of Experimental Animals in the Tropics,” University of Indonesia Publisher, Jakarta, 1988.
[18]	J. Basset, R. C. Denny, B. H. Jeffrey and J. Mendham, “Vogel’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis Including Elementary Instrumental Analysis,” Translation, EGC Book Medical Publishers, Jakarta, 1994.
[19]	W. Haryadi, “Analytical Chemistry,” PT Gramedia, Jakarta, 1990.
[20]	R. G. Pearson, “Chemical Hardness and Density Functional Theory,” Journal of Chemicals Sciences, Vol. 117, No. 5, 2005, pp. 369-377. doi:10.1007/BF02708340
[21]	R. G. D. Steel and J. H. Torrie, “Principles and Procedures Statistics A Biometric Approach,” No. 2 PT Gramedia Pustaka Husada, Jakarta, 1991.