Author(s)

Frank R. Tangherlini

San Diego, CA, USA.

This work continues the previous study (2018) Journal of Modern Physics. 9, 1827-1837, that proposes that the disagreement arises because the cosmic microwave background (CMB) value for the Hubble constant H₀ is actually for a universe which is decelerating rather than accelerating. It is shown that when H₀ of Freedman et al. (2019) Astrophysical Journal, 882: 34 (24 pp.) is re-determined for redshift z = 0.07, by replacing q₀ = −0.53 with q₀ = −0.5, the new lower value is in excellent agreement (0.1%) with the CMB H₀. The model is modified to include the clustering of galaxies, and the recognition that there are clusters that do not experience the Hubble expansion, such as the Local Group, and hence, in accordance with the model, within the Local Group the speed of light is c. The bearing of this result on the neutrino and light time delay from SN1987a is discussed. It is suggested that the possible emission of a neutrino from the blazar TXS-0506+56, that was flaring at the time, as well as possible neutrino emission earlier, may arise instead from a more distant source that happens to be, angle-wise, near the blazar, and hence the correlation is accidental. The model is further modified to allow for a variable index of refraction, and a comparison with the ΛCDM model is given. The age of the universe for different values of H₀ is studied, and comparison with the ages of the oldest stars in the Milky Way is discussed. Also, gravitational wave determination of H₀ is briefly discussed.

Hubble Constant Disagreement, Decelerating Universe, Galactic Clusters, Age of Universe

Tangherlini, F. (2020) A Possible Solution to the Disagreement about the Hubble Constant II. Journal of Modern Physics, 11, 1215-1235. doi: 10.4236/jmp.2020.118076.