1. Introduction
Asset pricing theory is one of the themes of the financial economy. Lèvy and Paras [1] proposed an uncertain volatility model, but the study could not give a dynamic option price. Peng [2] [3] defines G-expectation and G-Brown motion to provide a solution to this problem. Describing the theoretical basis of the option price. Yang and Zhao [4] simulate the G-normal distribution, and study the numerical simulation of G-Brown motion and the simulation of the second variation of G-Brown motion, then the finite difference method is given to solve the G-heat equation. Xu [5] [6] study the European call option price formula and Girsanov theorem under G-expectation. Wang [7] study the G-Jensen inequality under G-expectation. Wang [8] study the comparison theorem and Asian option pricing under G-expectation. Kang [9] study the Brownian motion martingale representation theorem under G-expectation.
The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the price change of the asset driven by G-geometric Brown. First we give the martingale property of discount value under G-framework. We simulate the stock price
. We compare the stock price under normal
with the stock price under G-
. And we give the stock price under different G-
. Then we study the G-
influence on
under G-framework.
2. The G-Martingale Property of Discount Value
Definition 1 [2] :
is G-brown motion,
is a division on
, when
, we denote G-quadratic variation process by
:
(1)
Definition 2 [2] : A nonlinear expectation
is a function
satisfying the following properties:
1) Monotonicity: If
and
then
;
2) Preserving of constants:
;
3) Sub-additivity
,
;
4) Positive homogeneity:
,
,
;
5) Constant translatability:
.
Definition 3 [2] : The canonical process B is called a G-Brownian motion under a nonlinear
defined on
if for each
,
and for each
,
, we have
![]()
Lemma 1 [2] [G-Itô formula]: for
is G-brownian motion,
is quadratic variation process of G-brownian miton,
is a function about
, and
,
,
are continuous function, we have
![]()
Lemma 2 [7] [G-Jensen inequality] h is a continuous function defined on R. Then the following two conditions are equivalent:
1) h is a convex function;
2) For
, if
, we have
![]()
Lemma 3 [6] [Girsanov under G-framework]: for
, if existing
and satisfying:
![]()
we have
![]()
is a symmetrical martingale under
for
,
.
In this section, we introduce the American call option, give a G-geometric Brownian motion asset. And we prove that the American call price is the same as the European call price.
Considering a stock whose price process
is given by
(2)
where the interest rate r and the volatility
(
) are positive and
is a G-brownian motion.
Now we compute (2) through G-Itô formula, in [5] the result is:
(3)
where
is the stock value at current moment.
Theorem 1:
is a nonnegative and convex function,
,
. Then the discount value
of American option
is a G-submartingale.
Proof:
is a convex, for
and
, we have
(4)
. Taking
,
, and using the fact h(0)=0, we obtain
(5)
for
, we have
, by (5) and G-expectation property
(6)
According to Lemma 2,
(7)
by Lemma 3 we know that
is a G-symmetrical martingale, which implies
(8)
So we conclude that
(9)
and
![]()
the
is a G-submartingale.
The Inequality (9) implies that the European derivative security price always dominates the intrinsic value of American derivative security. This shows that the option to exercise early is worthless, so the American call option agrees with the price of European option under G-framework.
3. Numerical Simulation
We mainly simulate stock price
under G-
and
G-
. The G-
and G-
values are simulated in [4]. Yang and Zhao [4] mainly simulate the G-brownian motion by solving a specific HJB equation. Then they give four finite difference methods to solve the HJB equation. Finally they give the numerical algorithms to simulate G-normal distribution, G-brownian motion G-quadratic variation process. The following we give three algorithms.
Algorithm 1 [4] (simulation
and
):
• For random
, calculating approximation
;
• For
, calculating the difference
;
• By
calculating density function
’s approximation
.
by the G-heat equation defining the G-normal distribution
and the density function
. By Algorithm 1 simulating the
and
, then we apply these in Algorithm 2 and Algorithm 3.
Algorithm 2 [4] (G-brownian motion numerical simulation):
• For random
, using algorithm 1 compute
;
• Produing N random numbers in [0,1] obey uniformly distribution ;
• For
, calculating
;
• By
, solving
,
;
• By
, approaching
,
.
We simulate the values of G-brown motion
. By simulating the
, we use it in Algorithm 3 to get the
.
Algorithm 3 [4] (numerical simulation
):
• For random
, using algorithm 1 to compute
;
• Generating N random numbers
in [0,1] for
, calculating
;
• By
, solving
,
;
• By
, approaching
,
.
The following we simulate the stock price
under the G-
and G-
values.
Example 1: we consider stock price
at time t immediately, where interest rate
, the volatility
,
.
Figure 1 denotes the comparison between
under G-framework and
under classical framework. In Figure 1 we can know that the blue line is simulated by
, the red line is simulated by
. Figure 2 simulates the price of
based on three different G-
in Figure 3. Figure 3
is about G-
of simulation. In Figure 3, the three lines are respectively under (
,
), (
,
), (
,
). Figure 4 is about
![]()
Figure 1. Comparing stock price of simulation between G-expectation framework and classical framework.
![]()
Figure 2. Comparing stock price under different G-
.
of simulation under classical framework. We can know the G-
is different from the
according to Figure 3 and Figure 4. And the stock price
is a about G-
, G-
, t function under G-framework. The stock price
is a function about
and t. That is the main reason to cause the difference. We can know that the G-
influence on
under G-framework from Figure 5.
The blue line is function
. The red line is function
. From Figure 6, we can know the G-
of simuation values. According to Figure 6 when we replace the
with the
under G-framework, it has no impact on stock price fluctuations.
4. Conclusion
This article mainly proves that American call options that do not pay dividends under the G-framework are equal to European call options and simulate the G-
image. Comparing stock price images under different
, G-
. There is a restriction on G-
. When
is smaller, the G-
of simulation shows a downward fluctuation. We need to find the appropriate range of
to simulate the stock price.