Encephalitis is a sudden onset inflammation of the brain. Encephalitis with meningitis is known as meningoencephalitis. Symptoms include headache, fever, confusion, drowsiness, and fatigue. Further symptoms include seizures or convulsions, tremors, hallucinations, stroke, and memory problems. The number of new cases a year of acute encephalitis in Western countries is 7.4 cases per 100,000 population per year. In tropical countries, the incidence is 6.34 per 100,000 per year. In 2013 encephalitis was estimated to have resulted in 77,000 deaths, down from 92,000 in 1990. Vaccination is available against tick-borne and Japanese encephalitis and should be considered for at-risk individuals. Post-infectious encephalomyelitis complicating smallpox vaccination is avoidable, for all intents and purposes, as smallpox is nearly eradicated. Contraindication to Pertussis immunization should be observed in patients with encephalitis.

In the present book, fifteen typical literatures about encephalitis published on international authoritative journals were selected to introduce the worldwide newest progress, which contains reviews or original researches on medical science, encephalitis, infectious diseases, inflammations, epidemiology, ect. We hope this book can demonstrate advances in encephalitis as well as give references to the researchers, students and other related people.