A. W. Epstein and J. H. Globus, “Primary Massive Intrapontine Hemorrhage: Clinical and Pathologic Survey,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, Vol. 113, No. 3, 1951, pp. 260-267.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Factors Determining the Outcome of Pontine Hemorrhage in the Absence of Surgical Intervention

  AUTHORS: Takafumi Nishizaki, Norio Ikeda, Shigeki Nakano, Takanori Sakakura, Masaru Abiko, Tomomi Okamura

  KEYWORDS: Pontine Hemorrhage; CT Findings; Prognosis

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Modern Neurosurgery, Vol.2 No.2, April 23, 2012

  ABSTRACT: Objectives and Importance: Although pontine hemorrhage is very often fatal, the clinical manifestations vary accord-ing to the location and extent of the hematoma. We investigated the prognostic factors of pontine hemorrhage by assessing clinical manifestation and CT findings in relation to outcome. Materials and Methods: The outcome and clinical features of 19 patients with pontine hemorrhage without surgical intervention were analyzed. The CT features of the hematoma were classified into four types: massive, tegmento-basilar, transverse oval, and small unilateral. The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was used to assess patient outcome (G, good recovery; MD, moderate disability; SD, severe disability, V, vegetative state, D, death) at discharge. Results: The outcome was MD in 7 cases, SD in 3, and D in 9. Eight of 9 patients with acute hydrocephalus died, whereas only one of 10 patients without hydrocephalus died (p 12, tetraparesis, or respiratory failure (p