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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: A Dual-Path Model of Informal English Learning in Boosting Confidence: The Mediating Roles of Online Self-Efficacy and Learning Engagement

  AUTHORS: Wenwen Zhang

  KEYWORDS: Informal English Learning, Self-Efficacy Theory, Learning Engagement, Confidence

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Modern Linguistics, Vol.16 No.1, January 28, 2026

  ABSTRACT: With the rapid development of digital technology, informal English learning (for example, dramas, social media, language-learning apps and so on) has been an important way besides traditional classes. Nevertheless, most of the current research focuses on informal learning environment. So it lacks discussions about how informal ways of learning influence learners’ psychological characteristics. This paper, which is based on Self-Efficacy Theory and Learning Engagement, builds a dual-path model to find the influence mechanism of informal English learning to boost confidence.