TITLE:
Anatomical Modeling for the Validation of Automated Measurement of the Angle of Deviation in the Strabismic Head Model
AUTHORS:
Jack Berglas, Arpine Rostomyan, Armen Sargsyan, Ara Keshishian
KEYWORDS:
Angle of Deviation, Prism Diopter, Strabismus, Modeling
JOURNAL NAME:
Open Journal of Ophthalmology,
Vol.16 No.1,
December
30,
2025
ABSTRACT: Purpose: Angle of Deviation (AOD) and Prism Diopter (PD) measure the relative deviation between the eyes. Many conditions can cause misalignment of the eyes (Strabismus) and result in reduced visual acuity in one eye (Amblyopia). Misalignment may be observed in children; for most, it is self-limiting. However, some may develop strabismus, which, if left uncorrected, can lead to amblyopia and loss of peripheral vision and depth perception. Clinical examination for accurate measurement of eye alignment is highly technical and prone to variations and inaccuracies. In the absence of a validated testing platform, the clinical measurement has been used as the standard measurement. Our model provides a validated tool for calibration and accurate measurement of AOD and PD. Method: The application developed measures the eye alignment. We designed 3D-printed full-scale anatomical heads with interchangeable eye inserts that feature deviations in precise pupil position in both the horizontal and vertical planes. The application’s measurement was validated by evaluating the deviation of the 3D head model printed with precisely known variations. Results: Using the model created, we validated precise AOD and PD measurements with our app, PinpointEyes APP, as predicted by the mathematical models. Conclusion: The PinpointEyes 3D Model (PPEM) is an accurate platform that validates the AOD and PD measurements in research protocols. This provides a pathway to establish the standard for the precise measurement of AOD and PD. Translational Relevance: The model developed serves as a validation platform for the accurate measurement of PD and AOD.