TITLE:
The Latest Research Progress on Sympathetic Ophthalmia—A Brief Literature Overview
AUTHORS:
Meinian Nong, Wenhao Ma
KEYWORDS:
Sympathetic Ophthalmia, Granulomatous Uveitis, Ocular Trauma, Panuveitis, Incidence
JOURNAL NAME:
International Journal of Clinical Medicine,
Vol.16 No.12,
December
11,
2025
ABSTRACT: Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) is a rare bilateral granulomatous panuveitis, usually secondary to penetrating ocular trauma or intraocular surgery. Symptoms typically occur 5 days to 56 years after trauma or surgery, but most commonly manifest 2 weeks to 2 months postoperatively. The main clinical features include acute or chronic granulomatous uveitis, accompanied by Dalen-Fuchs nodules and choroiditis. Systemic glucocorticoids and steroid-sparing immunosuppressants remain the first-line treatments. This article systematically summarizes the latest research advances in the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical management of SO, aiming to provide references for clinical practice and scientific research.