TITLE:
Hubble Parameter Evolution in the 4DEU Framework: No Need for Dark Energy and Implications for the Hubble Tension
AUTHORS:
Domenico Maglione
KEYWORDS:
Dark Energy Problem, Four-Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe (4DEU), Cosmic Expansion, Hubble Parameter, Geometric Projection, Hubble Tension
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology,
Vol.11 No.4,
October
24,
2025
ABSTRACT: The apparent late-time acceleration of cosmic expansion can be consistently explained without invoking a dark energy component when interpreted within the Four-Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe (4DEU) framework. Specifically, we investigate the redshift evolution of the Hubble parameter and demonstrate that observational data can be reproduced without introducing any additional energy component. In this scenario, the universe is described as a real four-dimensional hypersphere expanding uniformly at the rate c along a privileged radial coordinate T. We live, and perform our observations, within the three-dimensional hyperspherical section of this real four-dimensional universe. The observed variation of the Hubble parameter
H(
z
)
naturally emerges as a geometric projection effect, rather than as evidence for new physics. Using a model-independent compilation of type Ia supernovae and cosmic chronometers, we show that the linear 4DEU prediction
H(
z
)=
H
0
(
1+z
)
reproduces the data with robust statistical agreement, and that the consistency is markedly higher, with a likelihood ratio of roughly 219:1, for
H
0
≈67
km∙s−1∙Mpc−1 (Planck-CMB) than for
H
0
≈73
km∙s−1∙Mpc−1 (local distance ladder). The likelihood analysis indicates that the lower value is favored by the data by more than two orders of magnitude, strongly disfavoring the higher local determination. While extended gravity theories have been proposed to address the dark-energy problem (as reviewed by Capozziello & Francaviglia), the 4DEU framework offers a purely geometric resolution without additional fields or free parameters. Recent theoretical developments by Maglione provide the foundations of this approach, which consistently interprets cosmic expansion as the projection of a uniform 4D universe evolution onto its 3D portion where we live, eliminating the need to hypothesize dark energy and strongly suggesting that the resolution of the Hubble tension lies in the Planck-CMB value of
H
0
.