Rorar, J., Garcia, L.D. and Cutright, T. (2023) Removal of Saxitoxin and Anatoxin-A by PAC in the Presence and Absence of Microcystin-LR and/or Cyanobacterial Cells. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 128, 161-170.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.015

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Impact of PAC Type and Water pH on Removal of Microcystin-LR and Saxitoxin

  AUTHORS: Divyani Walke, Teresa J. Cutright

  KEYWORDS: Cyanotoxin, Pore Size, Charge, pH, Drinking Water Treatment

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Water Resource and Protection, Vol.17 No.5, May 8, 2025

  ABSTRACT: The projection focused on the removal of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and saxitoxin (STX) with different powdered activated carbon (PAC) sources in distilled and raw source water. Wood-lignite-based (WL) PAC adsorbed more MC-LR and STX than the bituminous coal-based (BC). For 0.3 µg/LSTX in distilled water, WL adsorbed more STX than with BC. Across all pH and concentration combinations, WL adsorbed more MC-LR in distilled water and raw surface water than BC. For instance, when 0.3 µg/L STX was present with 1.6 µg/L MC-LR at pH 6, removal was 31% and 62%, and increased to 49% and 65%, respectively at pH 8. The increased removal was attributed to competition with natural organic matter, which was depicted as a 19% removal at pH 6 versus 4% removal at pH 8. When both toxins were present at 1.6 mg/m3, removal when water pH of 8 was 61% for STX and 72% for MC-LR.