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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: The Principles of Insulin Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

  AUTHORS: Leslie Bahn Kawa, Henry Alexander

  KEYWORDS: Insulin, Type 2 Diabetes, Principles of Insulin Therapy

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Diabetes Mellitus, Vol.13 No.4, November 21, 2023

  ABSTRACT: Insulin therapy is an integral part of the pharmacological management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Guidelines recommended insulin therapy for those patients with suboptimal glycaemic control despite optimal medical treatments. Studies show that insulin therapy with the human and regular insulins improve glycaemic control, reduce the chronic complications, and inevitably improve patient’s quality of life. The new analogue insulin has a better safety profile and efficacies, and has been shown to achieve better outcomes and patient’s acceptability compared with the human and regular insulins. The diabetic guidelines also recommend the intensity of insulin therapy in a personalised glycaemic control strategy based on the patient’s profiles and their preferences. However, the guidelines do not recommend any standardised approach to the principles of insulin initiation, titration, and monitoring. This review summarises the essential principles of insulin initiation, titration, and monitoring in Type 2 diabetes mellitus.