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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Grease or Sand the Wheels? A State-Level Approach on Corruption in Brazil

  AUTHORS: Francisco Germano Carvalho Lucio, Ricardo A. de Castro Pereira, José Weligton Félix Gomes

  KEYWORDS: Brazilian States, Corruption, Spatial Analysis

  JOURNAL NAME: Theoretical Economics Letters, Vol.10 No.3, June 22, 2020

  ABSTRACT: This paper investigates the effects of corruption on income per capita over Brazilian states. Given the absence of proxies for corruption in this subnational level, it creates objective proxies for that. To achieve more accuracy on analyses, this paper also controls for spatial correlation. Although corruption had presented a negative and significant effect on aspatial models, it is indeed nonsignificant as long as it controls for spatial dependence. Hence, it seems corruption has no impact on GDP per capita at the state-level in Brazil. Therefore, neither the “grease the wheels” nor the “sand the wheels” hypothesis fits the Brazilian states.