American Psychiatric Association (2001) The Practice of Electroconvulsive Therapy: Recommendations for Treatment, Training and Privileging. American Psychiatric Press Inc., Washington DC.

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Reconsideration of Augmentation Strategies in Electroconvulsive Therapy: Effects of the Concurrent Use of a Reduced Dose of Propofol with Divided Supplemental Remifentanil and Moderate Hyperventilation on Electroconvulsive Therapy-Induced Seizure Production and Adverse Events

  AUTHORS: Kohki Nishikawa, Michiaki Yamakage

  KEYWORDS: Electroconvulsive Therapy, Moderate Hyperventilation, Reduced Dose of Propofol, Seizure Duration, Electrical Stimulus Intensity

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Anesthesiology, Vol.5 No.10, October 29, 2015

  ABSTRACT: Background: Although several treatment strategies to enhance the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) have been discussed, there have been no reports on the combined use of these treatments. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of concurrent use of moderate hyperventilation and a reduced dose of propofol combined with divided remifentanil in ECT practice. Methods: Sixty patients scheduled to receive a total of 300 ECT treatments were randomly assigned to have the three interventions: a standard dose (1 mg/kg) of propofol (group P/N); a standard dose of propofol and moderate hyperventilation with end-tidal pressure of carbon dioxide (ETCO2) of 30 - 35 mmHg (group P/H); and a reduced dose (0.5 mg/kg) of propofol with divided supplemental remifentanil and moderate hyperventilation (group RP/H). Patients in group RP/H received remifentanil 1 μg/kg followed by propofol 0.5 mg/kg for unconsciousness and thereafter remifentanil 1 μg/kg immediately before the ECT stimulus. Results: Patients in group RP/H showed significantly longer durations of electroencephalographic (EEG) seizures in the early phase of ECT course (P