Mulholland, P.J., Marzolf, E.R., Webster, J.R., Hart, D.R. and Hendricks, S.P. (1997) Evidence That Hyporheic Zones Increase Heterotrophic Metabolism and Phosphorus Uptake in Forest Streams. Limnology and Oceanography, 42, 443-451. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1997.42.3.0443

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: The Effects of Surface Water Velocity on Hyporheic Interchange

  AUTHORS: Timothy Sickbert, Eric W. Peterson

  KEYWORDS: Hyporheic Zone; Bernoulli Equation; Venturi Effect; Geomorphology; Fluvial; Groundwater/Surface Water Interaction; Streamflow

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Water Resource and Protection, Vol.6 No.4, March 28, 2014

  ABSTRACT: When evaluating hyporheic exchange in a flowing stream, it is inappropriate to directly compare stream stage with subsurface hydraulic head (h) to determine direction and magnitude of the gradient between the stream and the subsurface. In the case of moving water, it is invalid to ignore velocity and to assume that stage equals the net downward pressure on the streambed. The Bernoulli equation describes the distribution of energy within flowing fluids and implies that net pressure decreases as a function of velocity, i.e., the Venturi Effect, which sufficiently reduces the pressure on the streambed to create the appearance of a downward gradient when in fact the gradient may be upward with stream flow drawing water from the subsurface to the surface. A field study correlating the difference between subsurface head and stream stage in a low-gradient stream indicates that the effect is present and significant: shallow subsurface head increases less quickly than stage while deeper subsurface head increases more quickly. These results can substantially improve conceptual models and simulations of hyporheic flow.