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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Adverse Effects of Permanent Waving and Hair Relaxation—Assessment by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

  AUTHORS: Tokuya Omi, Seiji Kawana

  KEYWORDS: Permanent Waving; Hair Relaxation; Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM); Hair Damage

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Cosmetics, Dermatological Sciences and Applications, Vol.3 No.3A, September 10, 2013

  ABSTRACT: Permanent waving is very popular in Japan. Polypeptide chains (main chains) form the principal components of hair, and they are lined up longitudinally. Hair relaxation is also called straight permanent waving, and there are methods that change curly or wavy hair into straight hair. Hair damage as a result of winding, combing, and using high-temperature hairdressing irons is also often seen. By using scanning electron micrographs (SEM) we showed broken hairs and hair damage caused by permanent wave solutions. The hair damage is obvious when comparisons are made with the condition of the hair surface, condition of the cuticle, etc. Hair swelling by permanent wave solutions, manipulations such as winding, etc., inadequate rinsing with water, procedures on injured hair at the outset, etc., are considered possible reasons for any of these types of injury.