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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Ductal Carcinoma in Situ Treatment Requires a Multidisciplinary Approach

  AUTHORS: Chloe Constantinou, Ian S. Fentiman

  KEYWORDS: Ductal Carcinoma in Situ; Epidemiology; Molecular Profile; Surgery; Radiotherapy; Tamoxifen

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Cancer Therapy, Vol.4 No.7, August 26, 2013

  ABSTRACT: Correct diagnosis and treatment are crucial for DCIS because it is a direct precursor of potentially lethal invasive breast cancer (IBC). As a result of mammographic screening, the incidence of DCIS rose from 1.87% per 100,000 women from 1973-1975 to 32.5% per 100,000 in 2005. The incidence of DCIS is strongly associated with advanced age, an older age at the time of the first birth or nulliparity, family history of a first-degree relative with BC, BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers, history of biopsy, late age at menopause, and elevated body mass index, the use of HRT over 5 years. With the use of screening mammography, eight population-based trials showed an increase in DCIS incidence reaching 20% with significant reductions in breast cancer mortality. MRI is also used in combination with the mammography for the diagnosis of DCIS. Three grades of DCIS are ultimately recognized: grade 1/low grade, grade 2/intermediate grade, and grade 3/high grade. Several options are available for the management of DCIS, including breast-conserving surgery, with or without postoperative radiotherapy, and with the clear margin being the most important factor for reducing risk of local recurrence. A 2 mm margin is superior to .