TITLE:
The Light-Dark Dual Universe for the Big Bang and Dark Energy
AUTHORS:
Ding-Yu Chung, Volodymyr Krasnoholovets
KEYWORDS:
Cosmology; Light Universe; Dark Universe; Dual Universe; Big Bang; Inflation; Zero-Energy; Cyclic Universe; Dark Energy; Dark Matter; Baryonic Matter; Force Fields
JOURNAL NAME:
Journal of Modern Physics,
Vol.4 No.7A,
July
12,
2013
ABSTRACT:
In the proposed light-dark dual universe, the light universe is the
observable universe with light and kinetic energy that fueled the Big Bang, and
the dark universe without light and kinetic energy has been observed as dark
energy since about 9 billion years after the Big Bang. The
light-dark dual universe started from the zero-energy universe through the
four-stage cyclic transformation. Emerging from the zero-energy universe, the
four-stage transformation consists of the 11D (dimensional) positive-negative
energy dual membrane universe, the 10D positive-negative energy dual string universe,
the 10D positive-negative energy dual particle universe, and the 4D
(light)-variable D (dark) positive-negative energy dual particle asymmetrical
universe. The transformation can then be reversed back to the zero-energy
universe through the reverse four-stage transformation. The light universe is
an observable four-dimensional universe started with the inflation and
the Big Bang, and the dark universe is a variable dimensional universe from 10D
to 4D. The dark universe could be observed as dark energy only when the dark
universe turned into a four-dimensional universe. The four-stage transformation
explains the four force fields in our universe. The theoretical calculated
percentages of dark energy, dark matter, and baryonic matter are 72.8. 22.7,
and 4.53, respectively, in nearly complete agreement with observed 72.8, 22.7,
and 4.56, respectively. According to the calculation, dark energy started in
4.47 billion years ago in agreement with the observed 4.71 ± 0.98 billion years
ago. The zero-energy cyclic universe is based on the space-object structures.