Nishimura, R.A., Carabello, B.A., Faxon, D.P., Freed, M.D., Lytle, B.W., O’Gara, P.T., et al. (2008) ACC/AHA 2008 Guideline update on valvular heart disease: Focused update on infective endocarditis: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines endorsed by the Soci- ety of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Car- diovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 52, 676-685. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.05.008

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Cardiac imaging of prosthetic valve dysfunction by transesophageal echocardiography

  AUTHORS: Melek Zekiye Ulucam

  KEYWORDS: Prosthetic Heart Valve; Thrombosis; Thromboemboli; Regurgitation

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Vol.5 No.12A, December 31, 2012

  ABSTRACT: Surgical implantation of a mechanical or biological prosthetic heart valve (PHV) with original structure and hemodynamics is conventional treatment of valvular heart disease. All kinds of prosthetic valves are stenotic comparing with native valves. They should be imagined by being aware of their specific properties. PHV diseases (PHVD) describes situations like obstruction, thromboembolism and regurgitation which also have characteristic images. Determining the cause and severity of PHVD is mandatory for selection of treatment method. Knowledge about PHVD and correct usage of cardiac imaging methods facilitate diagnosis. Most helpful diagnostic test for PHVD is transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The aim of this review is to describe TEE in PHVD, TEE imaging characteristics of some special PHVD and clinical guidance of TEE in PHV problems.