Wei, J.J., Ma, Q.B. and Wu, X.F. (2015) Utilizing the Updated Gamma-Ray Bursts and Type Ia Supernovae to Constrain the Cardassian Expansion Model and Dark Energy. Advances in Astronomy, 2015, Article ID: 576093.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/576093

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Classical Cosmology II. The Einstein Ring

  AUTHORS: Lorenzo Zaninetti

  KEYWORDS: Cosmology, Observational Cosmology, Gravitational Lenses, Luminous Arcs

  JOURNAL NAME: Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, Vol.10 No.2, March 11, 2024

  ABSTRACT: The Einstein ring is usually explained in the framework of the gravitational lens. Conversely here we apply the framework of the expansion of a superbubble (SB) in order to explain the spherical appearance of the ring. Two classical equations of motion for SBs are derived in the presence of a linear and a trigonometric decrease for density. A relativistic equation of motion with an inverse square dependence for the density is derived. The angular distance, adopting the minimax approximation, is derived for three relativistic cosmologies: the standard, the flat and the wCDM. We derive the relation between redshift and Euclidean distance, which allows fixing the radius of the Einstein ring. The details of the ring are explained by a simple version of the theory of images.