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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Central Nervous System Co-Infection

  AUTHORS: António Martins, Cláudio Silva, Fernando Silva, Lúcia Ribeiro, António José Cruz, Filipa Ceia, Lurdes Santos

  KEYWORDS: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1, Central Nervous System, Co-Infection

  JOURNAL NAME: Advances in Infectious Diseases, Vol.13 No.1, February 28, 2023

  ABSTRACT: Co-infections of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by bacterial and viral pathogens are considered to be rare. Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) reactivation following Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is well described but most cases are related to oral or cutaneous lesions or in respiratory samples. HSV-1 CNS reactivation after Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis is a very rare event and may have significant morbidity and mortality. In this case report, we describe a 71-year-old female patient that presented with a history of abdominal pain and confusion/disorientation that had tonic-clonic seizures while in the Emergency Department. The diagnostic work-up confirmed CNS co-infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae and HSV-1. Of note, beyond age, the patient had no known risk factors for both entities and recovered fully after antibiotic and antiviral therapy. This case underlines that clinicians must be aware of CNS co-infection despite being a rare diagnosis. This should be suspected particularly in patients who present an unusual clinical course of CNS infection.