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https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-2427(98)00189-5

has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: Effect of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Immune Responses on Pregnancy Loss in Ewes

  AUTHORS: M. R. Graham, E. C. Bowdridge, S. A. Bowdridge, I. Holásková, T. H. Elsasser, R. A. Dailey

  KEYWORDS: Acute Phase Response, Pregnancy Loss, Sheep

  JOURNAL NAME: Open Journal of Animal Sciences, Vol.8 No.4, October 22, 2018

  ABSTRACT: An acute phase response induced by Gram-negative bacteria can reduce pregnancy rate. Early pregnant ewes were used to monitor effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin in the outer cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, on acute phase/innate immunity response. In Exp. 1, mixed breed ewes were assigned to receive either LPS or LPS and flunixin meglumine, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetase, intravenously on day 5 after mating. In Exp. 2, mixed breed ewes were assigned to receive an intravenous injection on day 5 after mating of either saline, LPS, recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or LPS after pretreatment with dexamethasone. Pregnancy was diagnosed ultrasonographically on d 25, and live births were recorded at parturition. Challenge with LPS induced acute phase responses (fever, mucosal responses, lethargy and increased serum TNF, haptoglobin andserum amyloid A) and decreased pregnancy rates. Predictably, flunixin meglumine attenuated fever but did not increase pregnancy rate in LPS-treated ewes. Similarly, exogenous TNF alone induced mucosal and serum amyloid A responses but did not affect pregnancy. Pre-treatment with dexamethasone blocked fever and mucosal and lethargic responses and attenuated increases in TNF and haptoglobin but did not ameliorate LPS-induced pregnancy loss. In summary, acute challenge with LPS mimics bacterial-induced pregnancy losses in early pregnant ewes. Although pretreatment with dexamethasone decreased clinical signs and some innate immune responses, neither it nor flunixin meglumine prevented LPS-induced pregnancy loss. That exogenous TNF alone did not promote pregnancy loss indicates that other cytokines also contribute to LPS-induced embryonic loss.