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has been cited by the following article:

• TITLE: The Mechanism of Swainsonine Causing Early Pregnancy Abnormal Decidualization and Inducing Abortion by Changing Glycosylation Modification

  AUTHORS: Yi Wang, Xin Gao, Ming Peng, Yanfei You, Fangyun Shi, Yazhou Guo, Baoyu Zhao, Chenchen Wu

  KEYWORDS: Swainsonine, Glycosylation Modification, Abortion, Decidua, Hormone, Cell Apoptosis, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

  JOURNAL NAME: Advances in Reproductive Sciences, Vol.6 No.3, August 13, 2018

  ABSTRACT: Locoweed is a poisonous plant that severely harms the development of grass-land and animal husbandry throughout the world. Oxytropis and Astragalus are the Latin names for the poisonous plants commonly known as locoweed. The main toxic substance in these plants is swainsonine. It is a strong inhibitor of lysosomal α-mannosidase I and Golgi body α-mannosidase II, resulting in the accumulation of oligosaccharides and glycoproteins in lysosomes, interfering with the molecular and cellular recognition of glycans, and causing tissue-cell vacuolar degeneration. Livestock shows a series of clinical and pathological symptoms, mainly for the decline of reproductive performance. The effects in dams are abortion, weak fetus, and fetal malformations. The key step in maintaining pregnancy in dams is early endometrial decidualization, because reproductive hormones, decidual cell apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and other immune factors are negatively affected by swainsonine. This article addresses the modifications that occur through glycan processing and glycosylation resulting in the change of post-translational modification of the protein and the activity of the glycoprotein, and then direct and indirect mechanisms of ER stress, apoptosis, reproductive hormones, immune factors, and cell cycle and other pathways. Our aim is to find new methods of prevention and treatment of swainsonine poisoning in grassland animals.