Solving Three Dimensional and Time Depending PDEs by Haar Wavelets Method

Abstract

Haar wavelets are applied for solution of three dimensional partial differential equations (PDEs) or time depending two dimensional PDEs. The proposed method is mathematically simple and fast. Two techniques are used in numerical solution, the first based on 2D-Haar wavelets and the second based on 3D-Haar wavelets and we compare them. To demonstrate the efficiency of the method, two test problems (solution of the diffusion and Poisson equations) are discussed. Computer simulation showed that 3D-Haar wavelets are better and closer to the exact solution but it is need to more time from 2D-Haar wavelets.

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Nachaoui, A. , S. Al-Rawi, E. and F. Qasim, A. (2018) Solving Three Dimensional and Time Depending PDEs by Haar Wavelets Method. Open Access Library Journal, 5, 1-18. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1104496.

1. Introduction

As a powerful mathematical tool, Wavelet analysis has been widely used in image digital processing, quantum field theory, numerical analysis and many other fields in recent years.

Haar wavelets have been applied extensively for signal processing in communications and physics research, and more mathematically focused on differential equations and even nonlinear problems. After discrediting the differential equation in a convention way like the finite difference approximation, wavelets can be used for algebraic manipulations in the system of equations obtained which may lead to better condition number of the resulting system [1] .

Wavelet methods have been applied for solving partial differential equations (PDE-s) from beginning of the early 1990s [2] and [3] . In the last two decades this problem has attracted great attention and numerous papers about these topics have been published. Due to this fact, we must confine somewhat our analysis; in the following only PDEs of mathematical physics (elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic equations) and of elastostatics are considered. From the first field of investigation, the papers [4] [5] [6] and [7] can be cited. As to the elasticity problems, we refer to the papers [8] - [13] . In all these papers, different wavelet families have been applied.

In most cases, the wavelet coefficients were calculated by the Galerkin or collocation method, by it we had to evaluate integrals of some combinations of the wavelet functions (called also connection coefficients).

Among all the wavelet families, the Haar wavelets deserve special attention. They are made up of pairs of piecewise constant functions and are therefore mathematically the simplest of all the wavelet families. A good feature of the Haar wavelets is also the possibility to integrate these wavelets analytically in arbitrary times. A drawback of these wavelets is their discontinuity; since the derivatives do not exist in the breaking points, it is not possible to apply these wavelets directly for solving PDEs. Ü. Lepik has applied this technique for solving different 1-D problems [14] [15] [16] and [17] . Also he used two dimensional Haar wavelets in solving PDFs which contain two variables [18] [19] [20] . The method is fast and with low error.

The aim of the present paper is to develop the Haar wavelet method for solving three dimensional PDEs, which is fast, mathematically simple and guarantees the necessary accuracy for a relatively small number of grid points. The method is an expansion of the 2D Haar wavelets method which discussed in [18] . We developed 3D and 2D Haar wavelets approximations to the solution of the partial differential equation. We obtain the 2D Haar wavelets method as an approximation of the 3D Haar wavelets.

The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2 formulas for calculating the Haar wavelets and their integrals are reported. In Sections 3, the method of solution is described by using 2D and 3D Haar wavelet respectively. In Sections 4 application of Haar wavelets method is presented in solving two problems (integration of the diffusion and Poisson equations). Conclusions and possible further directions of research are offered in Section 5.

2. Haar Wavelets and Their Integrals

The Haar functions are an orthogonal family of switched rectangular waveforms where amplitudes can differ from one function to another. They are defined in the interval [A,B] by [18] :

h i ( x ) = { 1 for x [ ξ 1 ( i ) , ξ 2 ( i ) ] , 1 for x [ ξ 2 ( i ) , ξ 3 ( i ) ] , 0 elsewhere (1)

where

ξ 1 ( i ) = A + 2 k μ Δ x , ξ 2 ( i ) = A + ( 2 k + 1 ) μ Δ x , ξ 3 ( i ) = A + 2 ( k + 1 ) μ Δ x , μ = M / m , (2)

The interval [A,B] is participated into 2M subintervals of equal length; the length of each subinterval is Δ x = ( B A ) / ( 2 M ) . Integer m = 2 j ( j = 0 , 1 , 2 , , J ) indicates the level of the wavelet; k = 0 , 1 , 2 , , m 1 is the translation parameter. Maximal level of resolution is J. The index i is calculated according the formula i = m + k + 1 ; in the case of minimal values. M = 1, k = 0 we have I = 2, the maximal value of i is i = 2 M = 2 j + 1 . It is assumed that the value I = 1 corresponds to the scaling function for which h 1 ( x ) = 1 in [A,B].

The operational matrix of integration P, which is a 2M square matrix, is defined by the equation:

P 1 , i ( x ) = 0 x h i ( x ) d x ,

In general

P v + 1 , i ( x ) = 0 x P v , i ( x ) d x , v = 1 , 2 , (3)

The general form of v-times of integrals [18] :

P v , i ( x ) = { 0 for x < ξ 1 ( i ) , 1 v ! [ x ξ 1 ( i ) ] v for x [ ξ 1 ( i ) , ξ 2 ( i ) ] , 1 v ! { [ x ξ 1 ( i ) ] v 2 [ x ξ 2 ( i ) ] v } for x [ ξ 2 ( i ) , ξ 3 ( i ) ] , 1 v ! { [ x ξ 1 ( i ) ] v 2 [ x ξ 2 ( i ) ] v + [ x ξ 3 ( i ) ] v } for x > ξ 3 ( i ) . (4)

For solving boundary value problems we need the values P v , i ( B ) , which can be calculated from (4). In special cases v = 1 or v = 2, we find

q 1 ( i ) = P 1 , i ( B ) = { B A for i = 1 , 0 for i 1 , (5)

and

q 2 ( i ) = P 2 , i ( B ) = { 0.5 ( B A ) 2 for i = 1 , 0.25 ( B A ) 2 m 2 for i 1 , (6)

In the present paper the collocation method for solving the PDEs is applied. Equations. (1) and (4) are discredited by replacing x x l such that:

x l = A + ( l 1 2 ) Δ x , l = 1 , 2 , , 2 M (7)

It is convenient to introduce the Haar matrices H ( i , l ) = h i ( x l ) , P v ( i , l ) = P v , i ( x l ) . In the following Sections computer simulations were carried out with the aid of the Matlab programs for which the matrix representation is effective.

3. Problem Statement and Method of Solution

Consider two-dimensional partial differential equation of higher order:

F ( t , x , y , u , D u , D 2 u , , D λ + β + α u ) = f ( t , x , y ) , D λ + β + α u = ( λ + β + α ) u ( t , x , y ) t λ x β y α , (8)

such that f ( t , x , y ) is known function or constant.

The independent variables t, x and y belong to a domain Ω x [ A 1 , B 1 ] , y [ A 2 , B 2 ] , t [ A 3 , B 3 ] , which has the boundary Ω . We have to calculate the function u ( t , x , y ) , which satisfies the required initial and boundary conditions.

3.1. The Solution by the 3D Haar Wavelets

The solution by the 3D Haar wavelets method is started by divides Cuboids x [ A 1 , B 1 ] , y [ A 2 , B 2 ] , t [ A 3 , B 3 ] into 2M1, 2M2 and 2M3 parts of equal length, respectively.

We assume that the solution is sought in the form:

( λ + β + α ) u ( t , x , y ) t λ x β y α = j = 1 2 M 1 l = 1 2 M 2 i = 1 2 M 3 a j , l , i h i ( t ) h j ( x ) h l ( y ) , (9)

where the elements a j , l , i are constants.

We integration (9) β-times in regard to (x) from 0 to x, we obtain

( λ + α ) u ( t , x , y ) t λ y α = j = 1 2 M 1 l = 1 2 M 2 i = 1 2 M 3 a j , l , i h i ( t ) P β , j ( x ) h l ( y ) + j j = 0 β 1 ( x ) j j ( j j ) ! ( λ + j j + α ) u ( t , 0 , y ) t λ x j j y α , (10)

Now, by integrating (10) α-times in regard to (y) from 0 to y, we obtain

( λ ) u ( t , x , y ) t λ = j = 1 2 M 1 l = 1 2 M 2 i = 1 2 M 3 a j , l , i h i ( t ) P β , j ( x ) P α , l ( y ) + l l = 0 α 1 y l l ( l l ) ! ( λ + l l ) u ( t , x , 0 ) t λ y l l + j j = 0 β 1 ( x ) j j ( j j ) ! ( λ + j j ) u ( t , 0 , y ) t λ x j j j j = 0 β 1 ( x ) j j ( j j ) ! l l = 0 α 1 y l l ( l l ) ! ( λ + j j + l l ) u ( t , 0 , 0 ) t λ x j j y l l , (11)

Now, by integrating (11) λ-times in regard to (t) from 0 to t, we obtain

( t , x , y ) = j = 1 2 M 1 l = 1 2 M 2 i = 1 2 M 3 a j , l , i P λ , i ( t ) P β , j ( x ) P α , l ( y ) + i i = 0 λ 1 ( t ) i i ( i i ) ! ( i i ) u ( 0 , x , y ) t i i + l l = 0 α 1 y l l ( l l ) ! ( l l ) u ( t , x , 0 ) y l l i i = 0 λ 1 ( t ) i i ( i i ) ! l l = 0 α 1 y l l ( l l ) ! ( i i + l l ) u ( 0 , x , 0 ) t i i y l l + j j = 0 β 1 x j j ( j j ) ! ( j j ) u ( t , 0 , y ) x j j i i = 0 λ 1 ( t ) i i ( i i ) ! j j = 0 β 1 x j j ( j j ) ! ( i i + j j ) u ( 0 , 0 , y ) t i i x j j

j j = 0 β 1 x j j ( j j ) ! l l = 0 α 1 y l l ( l l ) ! ( j j + l l ) u ( t , 0 , 0 ) x j j y l l + i i = 0 λ 1 ( t ) i i ( i i ) ! j j = 0 β 1 x j j ( j j ) ! l l = 0 α 1 y l l ( l l ) ! ( i i + j j + l l ) u ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) t i i x j j y l l , (12)

In this formula, the integrals P λ , i ( t ) , P β , j ( x ) and P α , l ( y ) are calculated according to (4) and the other terms in the Equation (12) are calculated according to the type of the initial and boundary conditions (Dirichlet, Neumann, and Mixed boundary conditions). Details of this method are explained by solving two examples.

3.2. The Solution by the 2D Haar Wavelets

When we use the 2D Haar wavelets method, we divide the interval t [ A 3 , B 3 ] into N equal parts of length Δ t = ( B 3 A 3 ) / N and let t s = ( s 1 ) Δ t s = 1 , 2 , , N and:

a j , l ( t ) = i = 1 2 M 3 a j , l , i h i ( t ) , (13)

The mean idea of 2D Haar wavelets is to assume that a j , l ( t ) are constants in each subinterval t ( t s , t s + 1 ] , then

For all t ( t s , t s + 1 ] the Equation (11) becomes

( λ ) u ( t , x , y ) t λ = j = 1 2 M 1 l = 1 2 M 2 a j , l P β , j ( x ) P α , l ( y ) + l l = 0 α 1 y l l ( l l ) ! ( λ + l l ) u ( t , x , 0 ) t λ y l l + j j = 0 β 1 ( x ) j j ( j j ) ! ( λ + j j ) u ( t , 0 , y ) t λ x j j j j = 0 β 1 ( x ) j j ( j j ) ! l l = 0 α 1 y l l ( l l ) ! ( λ + j j + l l ) u ( t , 0 , 0 ) t λ x j j y l l , (14)

We integration (14) λ-times in regard to (t) from ts to t, we obtain

u ( t , x , y ) = ( t t s ) λ ( λ ) ! j = 1 2 M 1 l = 1 2 M 2 a j , l P β , j ( x ) P α , l ( y ) + i i = 0 λ 1 ( t t s ) i i ( i i ) ! ( i i ) u ( t s , x , y ) t i i + l l = 0 α 1 y l l ( l l ) ! ( l l ) u ( t , x , 0 ) y l l i i = 0 λ 1 ( t t s ) i i ( i i ) ! l l = 0 α 1 y l l ( l l ) ! ( i i + l l ) u ( t s , x , 0 ) t i i y l l + j j = 0 β 1 x j j ( j j ) ! ( j j ) u ( t , 0 , y ) x j j i i = 0 λ 1 ( t t s ) i i ( i i ) ! j j = 0 β 1 x j j ( j j ) ! ( i i + j j ) u ( t s , 0 , y ) t i i x j j j j = 0 β 1 x j j ( j j ) ! l l = 0 α 1 y l l ( l l ) ! ( j j + l l ) u ( t , 0 , 0 ) x j j y l l + i i = 0 λ 1 ( t t s ) i i ( i i ) ! j j = 0 β 1 x j j ( j j ) ! l l = 0 α 1 y l l ( l l ) ! ( i i + j j + l l ) u ( t s , 0 , 0 ) t i i x j j y l l . (15)

As in 3D Haar wavelets, integrals P β , j ( x ) and P α , l ( y ) are calculated according to (4) and the other terms in the equation (15) are calculated according to the type of the initial and boundary conditions (Dirichlet, Neumann, and Mixed boundary conditions).

4. Application and Numerical Results

We application the 2D Haar wavelet and 3D Haar wavelet methods in solve two problems (diffusion and Poisson equations) and comparison with the exact solution.

4.1. Diffusion Equation

Solve the 2D Heat equation in the domain ( 0 , 1 ) × Ω where Ω = [ 0 , 1 ] × [ 0 , 1 ] and

u t c 2 Δ u = f ( t , x , y ) on ( 0 , 1 ) × Ω , u ( t , 0 , y ) = u ( t , 1 , y ) = 0 t ( 0 , 1 ) and y [ 0 , 1 ] , u ( t , x , 0 ) = u ( t , x , 1 ) = 0 t ( 0 , 1 ) and x [ 0 , 1 ] , u ( 0 , x , y ) = 0 on Ω . } (16)

Here we have λ = 1 , β = 2 and α = 2 and suppose that M 1 = M 2 = M 3 = M .

4.1.1. The Solution by 3D Haar Wavelet Method

The solution by 3D Haar wavelet is begin using the Equation (12) to approximate problem (16) and considering the initial and boundary conditions at x = 0 and y = 0, we get

u ( t , x , y ) = u ( 0 , x , y ) + j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i P 1 , i ( t ) P 2 , j ( x ) P 2 , l ( y ) + y ( u ( t , x , y ) y | y = 0 ) + x ( u ( t , x , y ) x | x = 0 ) x y ( 2 u ( t , x , y ) x y | x = y = 0 ) , (17)

Taking x = 1 and using the boundary conditions in the last equation, we obtain

( u ( t , x , y ) x | x = 0 ) y ( 2 u ( t , x , y ) x y | x = y = 0 ) = j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i P 1 , i ( t ) q 2 ( j ) P 2 , l ( y ) ,

Replacing this result back into (17), we obtain

u ( t , x , y ) = u ( 0 , x , y ) + j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i P 1 , i ( t ) P 2 , j ( x ) P 2 , l ( y ) + y ( u ( t , x , y ) y | y = 0 ) x j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i P 1 , i ( t ) q 2 ( j ) P 2 , l ( y ) , (18)

Similarly and by using the boundary condition at y = 1, we obtain

( u ( t , x , y ) y | y = 0 ) = j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i P 1 , i ( t ) P 2 , j ( x ) q 2 ( l ) + x j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i P 1 , i ( t ) q 2 ( j ) q 2 ( l ) ,

Replacing this result back into (18), we obtain

u ( t , x , y ) = u ( 0 , x , y ) + j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i P 1 , i ( t ) P 2 , j ( x ) P 2 , l ( y ) x j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i P 1 , i ( t ) q 2 ( j ) P 2 , l ( y ) y j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i P 1 , i ( t ) P 2 , j ( x ) q 2 ( l ) + x y j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i P 1 , i ( t ) q 2 ( j ) q 2 ( l ) , (19)

which can be rewritten as:

u ( t , x , y ) = u ( 0 , x , y ) + j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i { P 1 , i ( t ) [ P 2 , j ( x ) x q 2 ( j ) ] [ P 2 , l ( y ) y q 2 ( l ) ] } , (20)

Derivative the Equation (20), we obtain that

u t = j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i { h i ( t ) [ P 2 , j ( x ) x q 2 ( j ) ] [ P 2 , l ( y ) y q 2 ( l ) ] } , (21)

2 u x 2 = 2 u x 2 | t = 0 + j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i { P 1 , i ( t ) h j ( x ) [ P 2 , l ( y ) y q 2 ( l ) ] } , (22)

2 u y 2 = 2 u y 2 | t = 0 + j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i { P 1 , i ( t ) [ P 2 , j ( x ) x q 2 ( j ) ] h l ( y ) } , (23)

Substituting Equations (21)-(23) in (16) for any collocation points t s , x r and y k with s { 1 , 2 , , 2 M } , r { 1 , 2 , , 2 M } , k { 1 , 2 , , 2 M } , we get

j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i R j , l , i , r , k , s = g ( s , r , k ) for 1 s 2 M , 1 r 2 M , 1 Ȧ 4; k 2 M (24)

where

R j , l , i , r , k , s = H ( i , s ) [ P 2 ( j , r ) x r q 2 ( j ) ] [ P 2 ( l , k ) y k q 2 ( l ) ] c 2 P 1 ( i , s ) H ( j , r ) [ P 2 ( l , k ) y k q 2 ( l ) ] c 2 P 1 ( i , s ) [ P 2 ( j , r ) x r q 2 ( j ) ] H ( l , k ) , and g ( s , r , k ) = f ( t s , x r , y k ) + c 2 2 u x 2 | t = 0 , x = x r , y = y k + c 2 2 u y 2 | t = 0 , x = x r , y = y k , } (25)

The terms 2 u x 2 | t = 0 , x = x r , y = y k and 2 u y 2 | t = 0 , x = x r , y = y k are given by initial condition. With the following notations:

for i ( 0 , 1 )

suchthat Δ = 1 2 M , we write:

H ( j , r ) = h j ( r ) j = 1 , 2 , , 2 M ; r = 1 , 2 , , 2 M , P 2 ( j , r ) = P 2 , j ( r ) j = 1 , 2 , , 2 M ; r = 1 , 2 , , 2 M , q 2 ( j ) = P 2 , j ( 1 ) j = 1 , 2 , , 2 M , (26)

which calculated from Equations (1), (4) and (6) respectively. can be t, x and y.

It is clear that, the wavelet coefficients a j , l , i can be obtained by solving the linear system (24). For simplify, we transform the system into a form with second-order matrices using the following:

Let

η = ( 2 M ) 2 ( j 1 ) + 2 M ( l 1 ) + i , μ = ( 2 M ) 2 ( r 1 ) + 2 M ( k 1 ) + s , Now Equation (24) can be rewritten in the following form

η = 1 ( 2 M ) 3 S ( μ , η ) B ( η ) = F ( μ ) for 1 μ ( 2 M ) 3 , which give the following system of linear equations

S B = F (27)

where B and F are ( 2 M ) 3 vectors and S is a ( 2 M ) 3 × ( 2 M ) 3 matrix such that

B = [ a 1 , 1 , 1 a 1 , 1 , 2 a 1 , 1 , 2 M a 2 , 1 , 1 a 2 M , 2 M , 1 a 2 M , 2 M , 2 M ] 1 × ( 2 M ) 3

F = [ g 1 , 1 , 1 g 1 , 1 , 2 g 1 , 1 , 2 M g 2 , 1 , 1 g 2 M , 2 M , 1 g 2 M , 2 M , 2 M ] 1 × ( 2 M ) 3

S = [ R 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 R 1 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 1 R 1 , 1 , 2 M , 1 , 1 , 1 R 1 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 R 2 M , 2 M , 2 M , 1 , 1 , 1 R 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 R 1 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 2 R 1 , 1 , 2 M , 1 , 1 , 2 R 1 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 R 2 M , 2 M , 2 M , 1 , 1 , 2 R 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 M , 2 M , 2 M R 1 , 1 , 2 , 2 M , 2 M , 2 M R 1 , 1 , 2 M , 2 M , 2 M , 2 M R 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 M , 2 M , 2 M R 2 M , 2 M , 2 M , 2 M , 2 M , 2 M ] ( 2 M ) 3 × ( 2 M ) 3

where R i , l , i , r , k , s are calculated according to Equation (25). After solving system (27) we obtain the wavelet coefficients a j , l , i and thus for any ( t , x , y ) ( 0 , 1 ) × Ω the solution u ( t , x , y ) is obtained from Equation (20).

4.1.2. The Solution by 2D Haar Wavelet Method

Now we use Equation (15) to approximate problem (16) and considering the initial and boundary conditions at x = 0 and y = 0, Equation (15) gives for ( t , x , y ) ( t s , t s + 1 ] × Ω :

u ( t , x , y ) = ( t t s ) j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l P 2 , j ( x ) P 2 , l ( y ) + u ( t s , x , y ) + y ( u ( t , x , y ) y | y = 0 u ( t s , x , y ) y | y = 0 ) + x ( u ( t , x , y ) x | x = 0 u ( t s , x , y ) x | x = 0 ) x y ( 2 u ( t , x , y ) x y | x = y = 0 2 u ( t s , x , y ) x y | x = y = 0 ) , (28)

Taking x = 1 and using the boundary conditions in the last equation, we obtain that for t ( t s , t s + 1 ] and y [ 0 , 1 ]

( u ( t , x , y ) x | x = 0 u ( t s , x , y ) x | x = 0 ) y ( 2 u ( t , x , y ) x y | x = y = 0 u 2 ( t s , x , y ) x y | x = y = 0 ) = ( t t s ) j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l q 2 ( j ) P 2 , l ( y ) ,

Replacing this result back into (28), we obtain

u ( t , x , y ) = ( t t s ) j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l P 2 , j ( x ) P 2 , l ( y ) + u ( t s , x , y ) + y ( u ( t , x , y ) y | y = 0 u ( t s , x , y ) y | y = 0 ) x ( t t s ) j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l q 2 ( j ) P 2 , l ( y ) , (29)

Similarly and by using the boundary condition at y = 1, we obtain for t ( t s , t s + 1 ] and x [ 0 , 1 ]

( u ( t , x , y ) y | y = 0 u ( t s , x , y ) y | y = 0 ) = ( t t s ) j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l P 2 , J ( x ) q 2 ( l ) + x ( t t s ) j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l q 2 ( j ) q 2 ( l ) , Replacing this result back into (29), we obtain

u ( t , x , y ) = u ( t s , x , y ) + ( t t s ) j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l P 2 , j ( x ) P 2 , l ( y ) x ( t t s ) j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l q 2 ( j ) P 2 , l ( y ) y ( t t s ) j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l P 2 , J ( x ) q 2 ( l ) + x y ( t t s ) j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l q 2 ( j ) q 2 ( l ) , (30)

which can be rewritten as

u ( t , x , y ) = u ( t s , x , y ) + ( t t s ) j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l { [ P 2 , J ( x ) x q 2 ( j ) ] [ P 2 , l ( y ) y q 2 ( l ) ] } , (31)

Derivative the Equation (31), we obtain that

u t = j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l { [ P 2 , J ( x ) x q 2 ( j ) ] [ P 2 , l ( y ) y q 2 ( l ) ] } , (32)

2 u x 2 = 2 u x 2 | t = t s + ( t t s ) j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l { h j ( x ) [ P 2 , l ( y ) y q 2 ( l ) ] } , (33)

2 u y 2 = 2 u y 2 | t = t s + ( t t s ) j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l { [ P 2 , J ( x ) x q 2 ( j ) ] h l ( y ) } , (34)

Substituting Equation (32)-(34) in (16) for any collocation points x r , y k with r { 1 , 2 , , 2 M } , k { 1 , 2 , , 2 M } and replacing t by t s + 1 and Δ t by the value Δ t = t s + 1 t s , we get

j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l R j , l , r , k = g ( s , r , k ) for 1 r 2 M , 1 k 2 M , 1 s N (35)

where

R j , l , r , k = [ P 2 ( j , r ) x r q 2 ( j ) ] [ P 2 ( l , k ) y k q 2 ( l ) ] c 2 Δ t H ( j , r ) [ P 2 ( l , k ) y k q 2 ( l ) ] c 2 Δ t [ P 2 ( j , r ) x r q 2 ( j ) ] H ( l , k ) , and g ( s , r , k ) = f ( t s , x r , y k ) + c 2 2 u x 2 | t = t s , x = x r , y = y k + c 2 2 u y 2 | t = t s , x = x r , y = y k , } (36)

The terms 2 u x 2 | t = t s , x = x r , y = y k and 2 u y 2 | t = t s , x = x r , y = y k are given by initial condition and after this are calculated from the Equations (33) and (34) respectively.

Here we transform the system from the fourth-order matrices into a second-order matrices by the following:

Let

η = 2 M ( j 1 ) + l , μ = 2 M ( r 1 ) + k ,

Now Equation (35) obtains the form:

η = 1 ( 2 M ) 2 S ( μ , η ) B ( η ) = F ( μ ) , for 1 μ ( 2 M ) 2 , we get the following system of linear equations

S B = F (37)

Here B and F are ( 2 M ) 2 vectors and S is a ( 2 M ) 2 × ( 2 M ) 2 matrix such that:

B = [ a 1 , 1 a 1 , 2 a 1 , 2 M a 2 , 1 a 2 , 2 M a 2 M , 1 a 2 M , 2 a 2 M , 2 M ] 1 × ( 2 M ) 2

F = [ g s , 1 , 1 g s , 1 , 2 g s , 1 , 2 M g s , 2 , 1 g s , 2 , 2 M g s , 2 M , 1 g s , 2 M , 2 M ] 1 × ( 2 M ) 2

S = [ R 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 R 1 , 2 , 1 , 1 R 1 , 2 M , 1 , 1 R 2 , 1 , 1 , 1 R 2 , 2 M , 1 , 1 R 2 M , 2 M , 1 , 1 R 1 , 1 , 1 , 2 R 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 R 1 , 2 M , 1 , 2 R 2 , 1 , 1 , 2 R 2 , 2 M , 1 , 2 R 2 M , 2 M , 1 , 2 R 1 , 1 , 2 M , 2 M R 1 , 2 , 2 M , 2 M R 1 , 2 M , 2 M , 2 M R 2 , 1 , 2 M , 2 M R 2 M , 1 , 2 M , 2 M R 2 M , 2 M , 2 M , 2 M ] ( 2 M ) 2 × ( 2 M ) 2

where R i , l , i , r , k , s are calculated according to Equation (36). After solving system (37) we obtain the wavelet coefficients a j , l , i and thus for any ( t , x , y ) ( 0 , 1 ) × Ω the solution u ( t , x , y ) is obtained from Equation (31).

4.1.3. Numerical Results

Taking c = 1, and

f ( t , x , y ) = x 2 ( x 1 ) y 2 ( y 1 ) ( 3 t 2 2 t ) ( 6 x 2 ) y 2 ( y 1 ) t 2 ( t 1 ) x 2 ( x 1 ) ( 6 y 2 ) t 2 ( t 1 ) , such that the exact solution for (16) is

u ( t , x , y ) = x 2 ( x 1 ) y 2 ( y 1 ) t 2 ( t 1 ) , (38)

In the following we use the MATLAB norm error

δ 2 M = n o r m ( u u e x , 2 ) / 2 M ,

The results for 2D and 3D Haar wavelets method are compared in Table 1 for different values 2M.

We observe from Table 1 that when 2M is not sufficiently large value, means that Δ t is not sufficiently small value then the error is big, we can obtain more precision by the 3D Haar wavelets than 2D Haar wavelets and in less time. We observe that the precision obtained by 3D Haar wavelets in the case 2M = 4 cannot be obtained for 2D Haar wavelets even one takes 2M = 16 and spends 100 times.

4.2. Poisson Equation

Consider 3D Poisson equation [21]

2 u x 2 + 2 u y 2 + 2 u z 2 = f ( x , y , z ) , 0 x , y , z 1 , (39)

u ( x , y , z ) = 0 along the boundaries. Here we have λ = 2 , β = 2 and α = 2 and suppose that M 1 = M 2 = M 3 = M .

4.2.1. The Solution by 3D Haar Wavelet Method

Now the solution by 3D Haar wavelet is begin using the Equation (12) to approximate problem (16) and considering the initial and boundary conditions at x = 0, y = 0 and z = 0, we get

u ( x , y , z ) = j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i P 2 , i ( z ) P 2 , j ( x ) P 2 , l ( y ) + y u ( x , y , z ) y | y = 0 + x u ( x , y , z ) x | x = 0 x y 2 u ( x , y , z ) x y | x = y = 0 + z u ( x , y , z ) z | z = 0 x z 2 u ( x , y , z ) x z | x = z = 0 y z 2 u ( x , y , z ) y z | y = z = 0 + x y z 3 u ( x , y , z ) x y z | x = y = z = 0 , (40)

We use the same technique as in (1) to find the unknown terms in Equation (40).

This done in three steps:

1) Substitute the boundary condition when x = 1 in Equation (40) and replace this result back into (40).

Table 1. Compared the solution of the 2D Heat equation when Δ t = 1 / 2 M t = ( 4 M 1 ) / ( 4 M ) .

2) Substitute the boundary condition when y = 1 in equation resulting 1 and replace this result back into 1.

3) Substitute the boundary condition when z = 1 in equation resulting 2 and replace this result back into 2.

Next the boundary conditions are satisfied

u ( x , y , z ) = j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i { [ P 2 , i ( z ) z q 2 ( i ) ] [ P 2 , J ( x ) x q 2 ( j ) ] [ P 2 , l ( y ) y q 2 ( l ) ] } , (41)

Derivative the Equation (41) we obtain that:

2 u x 2 = j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i { [ P 2 , i ( z ) z q 2 ( i ) ] h j ( x ) [ P 2 , l ( y ) y q 2 ( l ) ] } ,

2 u y 2 = j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i { [ P 2 , i ( z ) z q 2 ( i ) ] [ P 2 , J ( x ) x q 2 ( j ) ] h l ( y ) } ,

2 u z 2 = j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i { h i ( z ) [ P 2 , J ( x ) x q 2 ( j ) ] [ P 2 , l ( y ) y q 2 ( l ) ] } ,

We substituting above equations in (39) for any collocation points x r , y k and z s with s { 1 , 2 , , 2 M } , r { 1 , 2 , , 2 M } , k { 1 , 2 , , 2 M } , we get

j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M i = 1 2 M a j , l , i R j , l , i , r , k , s = g ( s , r , k ) for 1 s 2 M , 1 r 2 M , 1 k 2 M , (42)

where

R j , l , i , r , k , s = [ P 2 ( i , s ) z s q 2 ( i ) ] H ( j , r ) [ P 2 ( l , k ) y k q 2 ( l ) ] + [ P 2 ( i , s ) z s q 2 ( i ) ] [ P 2 ( j , r ) x r q 2 ( j ) ] H ( l , k ) + H ( i , s ) [ P 2 ( j , r ) x r q 2 ( j ) ] [ P 2 ( l , k ) y k q 2 ( l ) ] , and g ( s , r , k ) = f ( x r , y k , z s ) , } (43)

After solving system (42) we obtain the wavelet coefficients a j , l , i and thus for any ( t , x , y ) ( 0 , 1 ) × Ω the solution u(t,x,y) is obtained from Equation (41).

4.2.2. The Solution by 2D Haar Wavelet Method

For the solution by 2D Haar wavelet method we need to divide one of the intervals x [ A 1 , B 1 ] , y [ A 2 , B 2 ] , z [ A 3 , B 3 ] into N equal parts and we will divide the interval z [ A 3 , B 3 ] into N equal parts of length Δ z = ( B 3 A 3 ) / N and denote to z s = ( s 1 ) Δ z s = 1 , 2 , , N .

By using Equation (15) and considering the initial-boundary conditions when x = 0, y = 0 and z = 0, we get

u ( x , y , z ) = ( z z s ) 2 2 j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l P 2 , j ( x ) P 2 , l ( y ) + u ( x , y , z s ) + y ( u ( x , y , z ) y | y = 0 u ( x , y , z s ) y | y = 0 ) + x ( u ( x , y , z ) x | x = 0 u ( x , y , z s ) x | x = 0 ) x y ( 2 u ( x , y , z ) x y | x = y = 0 2 u ( x , y , z s ) x y | x = y = 0 ) + z u ( x , y , z s ) z x z 2 u ( x , y , z s ) x z | x = 0 y z 2 u ( x , y , z s ) y z | y = 0 + x y z 3 u ( x , y , z s ) x y z | x = y = 0 , (44)

where the element a j , l is constant in the subinterval z ( z s , z s + 1 ] .

Next the boundary conditions when x = 1, y = 1 and z = 1 are satisfied

u ( x , y , z ) = [ 1 ( z z s ) ( 1 z s ) ] u ( x , y , z s ) + [ ( z z s ) 2 2 ( z z s ) ( 1 z s ) 2 ] × j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l { [ P 2 , J ( x ) x q 2 ( j ) ] [ P 2 , l ( y ) y q 2 ( l ) ] } , (45)

from Equation (45), we get

2 u x 2 = [ 1 ( z z s ) ( 1 z s ) ] 2 u x 2 | z = z s + [ ( z z s ) 2 2 ( z z s ) ( 1 z s ) 2 ] × j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l { h j ( x ) [ P 2 , l ( y ) y q 2 ( l ) ] } ,

2 u y 2 = [ 1 ( z z s ) ( 1 z s ) ] 2 u y 2 | z = z s + [ ( z z s ) 2 2 ( z z s ) ( 1 z s ) 2 ] × j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l { [ P 2 , J ( x ) x q 2 ( j ) ] h l ( y ) } ,

2 u z 2 = j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l { [ P 2 , J ( x ) x q 2 ( j ) ] [ P 2 , l ( y ) y q 2 ( l ) ] } ,

We substituting above equation in (39) for any collocation points x r , y k with r { 1 , 2 , , 2 M } , k { 1 , 2 , , 2 M } and replacing z by z s + 1 and Δ z by the value Δ z = z s + 1 z s , we get

j = 1 2 M l = 1 2 M a j , l R j , l , r , k = g ( r , k , s ) for 1 r 2 M , 1 k 2 M , 1 s N , (46)

where

R j , l , r , k = [ P 2 ( j , r ) x r q 2 ( j ) ] [ P 2 ( l , k ) y k q 2 ( l ) ] + [ ( Δ z ) 2 2 Δ z ( 1 z s ) 2 ] H ( j , r ) [ P 2 ( l , k ) y k q 2 ( l ) ] + [ ( Δ z ) 2 2 Δ z ( 1 z s ) 2 ] [ P 2 ( j , r ) x r q 2 ( j ) ] H ( l , k ) , and g ( r , k , s ) = f ( x r , y k , z s ) [ 1 Δ z ( 1 z s ) ] 2 u x 2 | z = z s , x = x r , y = y k [ 1 Δ z ( 1 z s ) ] 2 u y 2 | z = z s , x = x r , y = y k , } (47)

The solutionu (x, y, z)get it from the Equation (45).

4.2.3. Numerical Results

Solve (39) for f ( x , y , z ) = sin ( π x ) sin ( π y ) sin ( π z ) is:

u ( x , y , z ) = 1 3 π 2 sin ( π x ) sin ( π y ) sin ( π z ) ,

Also we use the MATLAB norm error δ 2 M = n o r m ( u u e x , 2 ) / 2 M . we plotted in Figure 1 the error δ 2 M for 2M = 16 near from the last time z = 1 to illustrate the impact of error accumulation on the solution by 2D Haar wavelets.

Results obtained using 2D and 3D Haar wavelets method are compared in Table 2 for different values 2M.

In 2D Haar wavelets method, We can reduce the error and increase accuracy by increasing the subdivisions for the time (t) or the interval z [ A 3 , B 3 ] in examples (1) and (2) and minimize the value of Δ t or Δ z With the installation’s divisions for x [ A 1 , B 1 ] and y [ A 2 , B 2 ] according to formula of Haar wavelets, This helps increase the accuracy of the solution in the 2D Haar wavelets method, But it requires more time to get on the solution as shown in Table 3.

All computation was made by using MATLAB Language, Intel®, core™ I3-2330M CPU, 2.00 GB (Memory), 2.20 GHz (Processor).

5. Conclusions

In this paper, we develop an accurate and efficient Haar wavelets method for solving three dimensional PDEs and time depending PDEs. The benefits of the Haar wavelets approach are sparse matrices of representation, fast transformation and possibility of implementation of fast algorithms. It’s worth mentioning that the Haar wavelet solution provides excellent results even for small values of

Figure 1. The error δ 16 at z = 31 / 32 by using 3D and 2D Haar wavelets method.

Table 2. Compared the solution of the 3D Poisson equation when Δ z = 1 / 2 M and z = ( 4 M 1 ) / ( 4 M ) .

Table 3. Illustrates the convergence of the solution of the 3D Poisson equation by using the 2D Haar wavelets method with 2 M = 8 and for different values Δ z .

(2M) as note in Table 1 and Table 2. Also when 2M = 32, 2M = 64 …, we can obtain the results closer to the exact values.

Also we compare between 2D Haar wavelets method and 3D Haar wavelets method in numerical solution for 3D PDEs, and we have found that 3D Haar wavelets are better and closer to the exact solution from 2D Haar wavelets as shown in Table 1 and Table 2.

The main benefits of the proposed method are its simplicity (already a small number of grid points guarantee the necessary accuracy) and universality (the same approach is applicable for a wide class of PDEs). The method is very convenient for solving boundary value problems, since the boundary conditions are taken into account automatically. For numerical calculations useful are the matrix programs of MATLAB. The most time-consuming procedure is to calculate the integrals (4). In this paper only linear problems were considered, but the method is applicable also for nonlinear PDEs.

Acknowledgements

This work was carried out when third author was visiting the mathematics department at Nantes University, France, with the support of ministry of higher education and scientific research, Iraq. The authors Ekhlass S. and Qasim F. would like to express their gratitude to Professor Abdeljalil Nachaoui for introducing to the subject and for giving all necessary support to complete this work and for his hospitality.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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