Evaluation of Chemically Coagulated Swine Manure Solids as Value-Added Products

Sammy Sadaka, Karl Van Devender

Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR, USA.

DOI: 10.4236/jsbs.2015.54013                

Abstract

The objective of this research was to evaluate the chemically coagulated swine manure solids as biofuel and/or compost feedstock. Three coagulants, namely agricultural lime [CaCO₃], hydrated lime [Ca(OH)₂], and lime slurry [Ca(OH)₂], were added to fresh swine manure to coagulate manure solids. Four levels, i.e., 0.00 (0.0X), 4.89 (0.5X), 9.77 (1.0X), and 19.77 (2.0X) gm Ca⋅liter^-1, were tested, in triplicates. Increasing the coagulant concentration increased the total solids, ash content, and pH of solid manure samples, whereas it decreased their volatile solids, chemical oxygen demand, and heating value. At the coagulant level of 2.0X rate, heating values of samples coagulated by agricultural lime, hydrated lime, and lime slurry were 2.64, 4.48, and 4.54 MJ⋅kg^-1, respectively. The heating value of raw manure solids was as high as 13.49 MJ⋅kg^-1. Increasing the coagulant concentration increased the O/C atomic ratio for all the studied coagulants. Accordingly, the high coagulant concentrations might reduce the acceptability of the feedstock as a biofuel that can be co-combusted with other feed stocks. The C/N ratio and the pH values of the solid separated swine manure increased by increasing agricultural lime and hydrated lime concentrations. The former might increase satisfactoriness for composting these solids, whereas the latter might hinder their use in the composting process. The maximum coagulant concentrations that allowed pyrolyzing the final product, based on the net energy values, were 48.80 (2.0X), 18.06 (1.0X), and 18.06 (1.0X) gm⋅liter^-1 for agricultural lime, hydrated lime, and lime slurry, respectively. The maximum acceptable coagulant concentrations that allowed composting the final product, based on the pH values, were 48.80 (2.0X), 0.00 (0.0X), and 9.03 (0.5X) gm⋅liter^-1 for the same three coagulants.

Keywords

Swine Manure, Solid Separation, Coagulation, Biofuel, Soil Amendment

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	USDA (2015) Quarterly Hogs and Pigs. http://www.usda.gov/nass/PUBS/TODAYRPT/hgpg0915.pdf
[2]	ASABE (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers) (2005) Standard D384.2-Manure Production and Characteristics. (Standard). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, St. Joseph.
[3]	Riaño, B. and García-González, M.C. (2014) On-Farm Treatment of Swine Manure Based on Solid-Liquid Separation and Biological Nitrification-Denitrification of the Liquid Fraction. Journal of Environmental Management, 132, 87-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.10.014
[4]	Choudhary, M., Bailey, L.D. and Grant, C. A. (1996) Review of the Use of Swine Manure in Crop Production: Effect on Yield and Composition and on Soil and Water Quality. Waste Management & Research, 14, 581-595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242X9601400606
[5]	Gebrezgabher, S.A., Meuwissen, M.P. and Lansink, A.G.O. (2014) A Multiple Criteria Decision Making Approach to Manure Management Systems in the Netherlands. European Journal of Operational Research, 232, 643-653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2013.08.006
[6]	Aguirre-Villegas, H.A., Larson, R. and Reinemann, D.J. (2014) From Waste-To-Worth: Energy, Emissions, and Nutrient Implications of Manure Processing Pathways. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 8, 770-793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2013.08.006
[7]	Hodgkinson, R.A., Chambers, B.J., Withers, P.J.A. and Cross, R. (2002) Phosphorus Losses to Surface Waters Following Organic Manure Applications to a Drained Clay Soil. Agricultural Water Management, 57, 155-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00057-4
[8]	Novak, J.M., Watts, D.W., Hunt, P.G. and Stone, K.C. (2000) Phosphorus Movement through a Coastal Plain Soil after a Decade of Intensive Swine Manure Application. Journal of Environmental Quality, 29, 1310-1315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00057-4
[9]	Miller, J.J., Chanasyk, D.S., Curtis, T.W. and Olson, B.M. (2011) Phosphorus and Nitrogen in Runoff after Phosphorus- or Nitrogen-Based Manure Applications. Journal of Environmental Quality, 40, 949-958. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2010.0279
[10]	Salvano, E., Flaten, D.N., Rousseau, A.N. and Quilbe, R. (2009) Are Current Phosphorus Risk Indicators Useful to Predict the Quality of Surface Waters in Southern Manitoba, Canada? Journal of Environmental Quality, 38, 2096- 2105. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2008.0159
[11]	Ribaudo, M., Kaplan, J.D., Christensen, L.A., Gollehon, N., Johansson, R., Breneman, V., Aillery, M., Agapoff, J. and Peters, M. (2003) Manure Management for Water Quality Costs to Animal Feeding Operations of Applying Manure Nutrients to Land. USDA-ERS Agricultural Economic Report 824.
[12]	Walker, P. and Kelley, T. (2003) Solids, Organic Load and Nutrient Concentration Reductions in Swine Waste Slurry Using a Polyacrylamide (PAM)-Aided Solids Flocculation Treatment. Bioresource Technology, 90, 151-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00116-0
[13]	Hjorth, M., Christensen, K.V., Christensen, M.L. and Sommer, S.G. (2009) Solid-Liquid Separation of Animal Slurry in Theory and Practice—A Review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 30, 153-180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/agro/2009010
[14]	Ford, M. and Fleming, R. (2002) Mechanical Solid-Liquid Separation of Livestock Manure—Literature Review. Prepared for Ontario Pork, Ridgetown College, University of Guelph. http://mie.esab.upc.es/ms/informacio/residus_ramaders/Separator%20manure.pdf
[15]	Rodriguez, M.D.E., del Puerto, A.M.G., Montealegre, M.L.M., Adamsen, A.P.S., Gullov, P. and Sommer, S.G. (2005) Separation of Phosphorus from Pig Slurry Using Chemical Additives. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 21, 739-742. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.18549
[16]	Zhang, R.H. and Westerman, P.W. (1997) Solid-Liquid Separation of Animal Manure for Odor Control and Nutrient Management. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 13, 657-664. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.21644
[17]	Xiu, S., Zhang, Y. and Shahbazi, A. (2009) Swine Manure Solids Separation and Thermochemical Conversion to Heavy Oil. BioResources, 4, 458-470.
[18]	Hjorth, M., Christensen, M.L. and Christensen, P.V. (2008) Flocculation, Coagulation, and Coagulation of Manure Affecting Three Separation Techniques. Bioresource Technology, 99, 8598-8604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.04.009
[19]	Powers, W.J. and Flatow, L.A. (2002) Flocculation of Swine Manure: Influence of Flocculant, Rate of Addition, and Diet. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 18, 609-614. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.10156
[20]	Christensen, M.L., Hjorth, M. and Keidling, K. (2009) Characterization of Pig Slurry with Reference to Flocculation and Separation. Water Research, 43, 773-783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.010
[21]	National Lime Association (2007) Lime Terminology, Standards & Properties. Fact Sheet. https://lime.org/documents/publications/free_downloads/fact-properties2007rev.pdf
[22]	ASTM E871-82 (2006) Standard Test Method for Moisture Analysis of Particulate Wood Fuels. ASTM International, West Conshohocken.
[23]	ASTM E872-82 (2006) Standard Test Method for Volatile Matter in the Analysis of Particulate Wood Fuels. ASTM International, West Conshohocken.
[24]	ASTM D2974-8 (2007) Standard Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Matter of Peat and Organic Soils. ASTM International, West Conshohocken.
[25]	ASTM D5373-14 (2014) Standard Test Methods for Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen in Analysis Samples of Coal and Carbon in Analysis Samples of Coal and Coke. ASTM International, West Conshohocken.
[26]	ASTM D4239-14e1 (2014) Standard Test Method for Sulfur in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke Using High- Temperature Tube Furnace Combustion. ASTM International, West Conshohocken.
[27]	ASTM D5865-12 (2012) Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke. ASTM International, West Conshohocken.
[28]	Jørgensen, K. and Jensen, L.S. (2009) Chemical and Biochemical Variation in Animal Manure Solids Separated Using Different Commercial Separation Technologies. Bioresource Technology, 100, 3088-3096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.01.065
[29]	Wnetrzak, R., Kwapinski, W., Peters, K., Sommer, S.G., Jensen, L.S. and Leahy, J.J. (2013) The Influence of the Pig Manure Separation System on the Energy Production Potentials. Bioresource Technology, 136, 502-508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.03.001
[30]	Marchetti, R., Castelli, F., Orsi, A., Sghedoni, L. and Bochicchio, D. (2012) Biochar from Swine Manure Solids: Influence on Carbon Sequestration and Olsen Phosphorus and Mineral Nitrogen Dynamics in Soil with and without Digestate Incorporation. Italian Journal of Agronomy, 7, 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2012.e26
[31]	Vanotti, M.B., Rice, J.M., Ellison, A.Q., Hunt, P.G., Humenik, F.J. and Baird, C.L. (2005) Solid-Liquid Separation of Swine Manure with Polymer Treatment and Sand Filtration. Transactions of the ASAE, 48, 1567-1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.19190
[32]	Tsai, W.T. and Liu, S.C. (2012) Thermochemical Characterization of Separated Swine Manure Utilized as an Available Energy Source and Its Preliminary Benefit Analysis in Taiwan. Energy Education Science and Technology Part A—Energy Science and Research, 30, 565-576.
[33]	Park, M.H., Kumar, S. and Ra, C. (2012) Solid Waste from Swine Wastewater as a Fuel Source for Heat Production. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 25, 1627-1633. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12302
[34]	Zhang, L., Duan, F. and Huang, Y. (2015) Thermogravimetric Investigation on Characteristic of Biomass Combustion under the Effect of Organic Calcium Compounds. Bioresource Technology, 175, 174-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.077
[35]	Van Krevelen, D.W. (1993) Coal: Typology, Physics, Chemistry, Constitution. 3rd Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
[36]	Sadaka, S., Liechty, H., Pelkki, M. and Blazier, M. (2015) Pyrolysis and Combustion Kinetics of Raw and Carbonized Cottonwood and Switchgrass Agroforests. BioResources, 10, 4498-4518. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.10.3.4498-4518
[37]	Perry, H.R. and Chilton, C.H. (1984) CH Chemical Engineers’ Handbook. Volume 6, McGraw-Hill, New York, 11-46.
[38]	Day, D.L., Funk, T.L., Hatfield, J.L. and Stewart, B.A. (1998) Processing Manure: Physical, Chemical and Biological Treatment. In: Animal Waste Utilization: Effective Use of Manure as a Soil Resource, Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI, 243-282.
[39]	Rath, J., Wolfinger, M.G., Steiner, G., Krammer, G., Barontini, F. and Cozzani, V. (2003) Heat of Wood Pyrolysis. Fuel, 82, 81-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00138-2
[40]	Velis, C.A., Longhurst, P.J., Drew, G.H., Smith, R. and Pollard, S.J. (2009) Biodrying for Mechanical-Biological Treatment of Wastes: A Review of Process Science and Engineering. Bioresource Technology, 100, 2747-2761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.026
[41]	Zhu, N. (2007) Effect of Low Initial C/N Ratio on Aerobic Composting of Swine Manure with Rice Straw. Bioresource Technology, 98, 9-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.12.003
[42]	Bernal, M.P., Alburquerque, J.A. and Moral, R. (2009) Composting of Animal Manures and Chemical Criteria for Compost Maturity Assessment—A Review. Bioresource Technology, 100, 5444-5453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.11.027
[43]	Sadaka, S. and Ahn, H. (2012) Evaluation of a Biodrying Process for Beef, Swine, and Poultry Manures Mixed Separately with Corn Stover. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 28, 457-463. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.41482