Effect of Particulate Reinforcement on the Mechanical Properties of Al2024-WC MMCs ()
1. Introduction
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are becoming more and more attractive materials for industrial and aerospace applications since their properties can be tailored through the addition of selected reinforcements [1] [2] . MMCs have their own essence for the specific applications because of their specific strength and modulus at elevated and room temperatures [3] . It is understood that the elastic properties of MMCs are strongly influenced by micro structural parameters of the reinforcement such as shape, size, orientation, distribution and volume fraction [4] .
AMCs have proved themselves to be a best choice as engineering materials in recent decades. The introduction of a ceramic reinforcement into a metal matrix produces a composite material that yields an attractive combination of physical and mechanical properties which cannot be obtained with monolithic alloys.
Owing to the wider commercial applications, there is an ever increasing demand to know about the processing techniques and mechanical behaviour of particulate MMCs. The ease of availability and low cost manufacturing process adopted has gained the attention of researchers to work in the area of particulate composites.
Aluminium alloy-based particulate-reinforced composites have a large potential for a number of engineering applications. Aiming of reinforcing Al alloy based matrices with ceramic particles is mainly due to the low weight to volume ratio, low coefficient of thermal expansion and high strength and modulus of the reinforcements and also due to their availability. Among the various useful aluminium alloys, aluminium alloy 2024 is typically characterized by properties such as fluidity, cast ability, corrosion resistance and high strength-weight ratio. This alloy has been commonly used as a base metal for MMCs reinforced with a variety of fibres, particles and whiskers [5] - [7] .
Past studies revealed that if the particle size of reinforcement was in the range (50 µm to 200 µm), the composite provided optimum results with respect to mechanical properties and tribological properties [8] . The most common reinforcements are alumina, SiC, B4C, TiC, graphite and WC to explore better mechanical properties.
Awerbuch et al. [9] has worked on aluminium 6061 and showed that the compressive deformation can be enhanced more than 50 percent with a specimen length to diameter ratio equal to unity, which in turn improves compressive strength. Hence, in the present study of investigation, priority is also given to the compressive properties along with tensile properties like ductility, young’s modulus, UTS and hardness. Aluminium 2024 is widely used in aircraft structures, rivet hardware, truck wheels, screw machine products, and other miscellaneous structural applications [10] .
In the present investigation, aluminium alloy 2024 was used as the matrix material. Al2024 alloy [11] has the higher specific strength and ductility of the aluminium alloys with excellent machinability and good bearing and wear properties, similar to Al6061 alloy [12] . Most of the particulate reinforced metal matrix composites are produced by liquid metallurgy, sometimes known as the “vortex method” [13] , although many different processes for fabricating these cast composites are also available which have been reported by various researchers.
In the present work, the “vortex method” of producing AMC’s, in which Tungsten carbide has been used as the candidate reinforcements of particulate sizes ranging from 60 to 90 μm and added to the vortex formed in the Al2024 melt above its liquidus temperature. Since the hardness, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), compressive strength, young’s modulus and ductility of the composite material are all vital properties of a structural material, the present investigation aims at studying these properties in the Al2024 alloy-particulate composites.
2. Experimental Details
The properties of materials adopted and methods followed for the fabrication and testing of MMCs in the present studies are presented in the following sections.
2.1. Matrix and Reinforcement Materials Details
The matrix for the present studies selected was Al2024 alloy and were procured from Fenfee Metallurgical, Bangalore, in the form of ingots. The chemical composition of Al2024 alloy was supplied commercially with the chemical composition (in weight percent) of 4.850% Cu, 1.310% Mg, 0.667% Mn, 0.254% Fe, 0.110% Si, 0.079% Zn, 0.033% Cr, 0.008% Ti and balance Al. The reinforcing materials selected were tungsten carbide (WC) of 60 μm particle size and the properties of the matrix and reinforcement materials used are presented in the Table 1.
2.2. Preparation of Composites
The Al2024-WC composites were prepared by the vortex method [8] . The tungsten carbide contents used for the preparation of the composites were 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5%. Addition of Tungsten Carbide into the molten aluminium alloy melt above its liquidus temperature of 500˚C was carried out by creating a vortex in the melt using a mechanical stainless steel stirrer coated with aluminite to prevent migration of ferrous ions from the stirrer material into the aluminium alloy melt. The melt was rotated at a speed of 500 rpm over a period of eight
![]()
Table 1. Properties of matrix and reinforcement materials.
*Kg/mm2.
minutes in order to create the necessary vortex. The WC particles were preheated to 400˚C and added to the melt through the vortex. The melt was subsequently degassed by passing hexa-chloro-ethane (C2Cl6) tablets. The molten metal was then poured into permanent moulds for casting. The cast specimen of size 25 × 300 mm2 MMCs were obtained.
2.3. Testing of Specimens
Carefully polished and mirror finished specimens were examined under Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) to obtain microphotographs. Tensile tests were conducted at room temperature using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) in accordance with ASTM Standard E 8-82. The tensile specimens of diameter 12.5 mm and gauge length 62.5 mm were machined from the cast composites with the gauge length of the specimens parallel to the longitudinal axis of the castings. For each composite, four tensile test specimens were tested and the average values of the UTS, Young’s modulus and ductility were measured.
The hardness tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM Standard E 10 using a Brinell hardness tester with a ball indenter of 5 mm diameter and a load of 250 kg. The load was applied for 30 sec. eight hardness readings were taken for each specimen at different locations to circumvent the possible effects of particle segregation. Compression tests were conducted on a UTM in accordance with ASTM Standard E 9 at room temperature. In this test the compression loads were gradually increased and the corresponding strain was measured until the specimen failed. Each result is an average of four readings.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Microstructure Studies
Micrographs of Al2024 alloy and Al2024-WC composites are observed from Figure 1(a) & Figure 1(b). The soundness of prepared casted composites in terms of increased density, reduced porosity with uniform distribution of WC particulates in the matrix alloy was noticed with the help of SEM analysis [14] . SEM structures also revealed good bonding among matrix and reinforcement particles which yields better load transfer from matrix to reinforcement material Figures 1(c)-(f).
3.2. Hardness
The effect of WC reinforcement on the hardness of casted Al2024-WC particulate composites is observed from Figure 2. Hardness test helps in understanding material resistance to surface penetration and maximum stress required to cause specific surface deformation. The hardness value of each test specimen is an average of six test measurements. It is observed from the test results that increase in the tungsten carbide content made increase in hardness value monotonously. In fact, as the WC content is increased from 0% to 3% the hardness increases by about 9%.
In metals, there is a relation between Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) and hardness, increase in UTS yields increase in hardness; same would be seen in processed composites [15] . The reason for improved hardness is due to hard WC dispersoid contributing positively to the hardness of composites. The hardness value increased to about 9% for 3 wt% of WC reinforcement, compared to as cast Al2024 alloy without reinforcement. There after a decrease in hardness was observed for 4 wt% of WC reinforcement, probably due to the voids which nucleate during the plastic straining of the reinforcement.
3.3. Ultimate Tensile Strength
Figure 3 shows the graph of effect of reinforcement content on ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of processed
![]()
Figure 1. SEM structures of Al2024 and Al2024-WC MMCs at 500× magnification for 50 μm.
![]()
Figure 2. Effect of the WC content on hardness.
composites. Each value of UTS is an average of six measurements. From the graphs is noticed that improvement of tensile strength was achieved up to 3 wt% WC, however it decreased beyond 4 wt% WC. Better tensile strength was found at 3 wt% WC. As the WC content is increased from 0% to 3%, the UTS increased by about 57.5%. The decrease in tensile strength of the composites beyond 3 wt% WC is attributed to improper bonding between the matrix and reinforcement materials. Finer the grain size better is the hardness and strength of composites. The increase in UTS can be attributed to the presence of hard WC particulates that impart strength to the
![]()
Figure 3. Effect of the WC on ultimate tensile strength.
matrix alloy, thereby providing enhanced resistance to tensile stresses.
Addition of WC particulates results in decreasing the interspatial distance between Al 2024 and also helps in pile up of dislocations. This in turn causes restriction in plastic flow due to uniform distribution of particulates in Al 2024 alloy thereby improving tensile strength of the processed composite. Similar observations were made by Ghosh and Ray [16] , who fabricated Al2O3 particulate reinforced aluminium alloy composites using the compo-casting method and by McCoy et al. [17] who produced TiB2-particulate-reinforced aluminium alloy composites with particulate contents ranging from 10 to 25 vol%.
3.4. Youngs Modulus
From Figure 4, the percentage variation in Young’s modulus provides a comparative insight in to the actual experimental results recorded for the Al2024-WC particulate reinforced composites. It is observed from the result that addition of WC content in to the Al2024 matrix improved young’s modulus of prepared composite monotonously by significant amount. In fact, as the WC content is increased from 0% to 3%, the Young’s modulus increases by about 47.6% and when increased from 3% to 4% the Young’s modulus decreases monotonically. The increase in young’s modulus is closely attributed to the prediction of rule of mixture. McDanels [18] had reported similar results for particle reinforced Aluminium composites.
3.5. Ductility
Figure 5 shows the effect of the reinforcement content on the ductility of cast Al2024-WC particulate composites measured in terms of percentage elongation. The ductility of the composite material is less compared to as cast Al 2024 alloy. The brittleness also increased with increasing reinforcement content, since the matrix material suffered with ductility due to reinforcement. As the WC content increased from 0% to 5%, the ductility dropped by about 100%. similar results were reported by Beitz W. and Kuttner K. H. [19] & Zhu H. X. and Liu S. K [20] . The reduction in ductility is due to the hard ceramic phase due to localized crack initiation and em-brittlement owing to local stress concentration sites at the particle reinforcement interface. The reinforcing particles resist the passage of dislocations by creating stress fields. Past studies have also revealed, loss of ductility due to the voids nucleating during plastic straining of the reinforcement.
3.6. Compressive Strength
It is observed from Figure 6, that the compressive strength of the composites is higher than that of the base alloy due to the presence of hard WC particles. The WC particles have higher compressive strength than the matrix. Hence an increase in compressive strength is observed with increasing wt% of reinforcement. The compressive strength however decreased with 4 wt% of WC. Webster [21] and Towle et al. [22] also reported about the increase in compressive strength while working on whisker reinforced composites. The increase in compressive strength can also be attributed to decrease in inter particle spacing between WC particles, since WC is much harder than the matrix. The hard ceramic WC particles resist deformation stress whilst increasing composite
![]()
Figure 4. Effect of the WC content on young’s modulus.
![]()
Figure 5. Effect of the WC content on ductility.
![]()
Figure 6. Effect of the WC content on ultimate compressive strength.
strength of the composite. Nevertheless, the addition of hard ceramic particulates has caused the MMCs to behave as brittle rather than ductile materials, as is evident from the above results.
4. Conclusions
The significant conclusions of the studies on Al2024-WC metal matrix composites are as follows.
1) Al2024-WC composite was prepared successfully using liquid metallurgy techniques by incorporating the reinforcing particulates.
2) It was found that increasing the carbide content within the aluminium matrix results in significant increase in the ductility, UTS, compressive strength and young’s modulus, however hardness values decreased with increasing reinforcing content.
3) The properties of the as cast Al2024-WC composites significantly improved by varying the amount of WC. It was found that increasing the WC content within the matrix material, resulted in significant improvement in mechanical properties like hardness, tensile strength, and compressive strength at the cost of reduced ductility.
4) Highest values of mechanical properties like hardness, tensile strength and compressive strength were found at 3 wt% WC.