Stealth Adapted Viruses: A Bridge between Molecular Virology and Clinical Psychiatry

W. John Martin

doi:10.4236/ojpsych.2015.54035

Home > Journals > Biomedical & Life Sciences > OJPsych

Open Journal of Psychiatry > Vol.5 No.4, October 2015

Stealth Adapted Viruses: A Bridge between Molecular Virology and Clinical Psychiatry ()

W. John Martin

Institute of Progressive Medicine, South Pasadena, CA, USA.

DOI: 10.4236/ojpsych.2015.54035 PDF HTML XML 2,592 Downloads 3,270 Views Citations

Abstract

Cytopathic “stealth-adapted” viruses bypass the cellular immune defense mechanisms because of molecular deletion or mutation of critical antigen coding genes. They, therefore, do not provoke the inflammatory reaction typical of infections with the conventional viruses from which stealth adapted viruses are derived. Stealth adapted viruses establish persistent, systemic virus infections, which commonly involve the brain. The brain damage can cause major mood and cognitive disorders, fatigue, seizures and various manifestations of an impaired autonomic nervous system. Symptoms can also result from: 1) induced autoimmunity, 2) antibody formation against virus antigens, 3) virus-induced cellular damage to non-brain tissues and 4) induced heightened overall immune reactivity, such that normally unrecognized components of the virus begin to become targeted by the cellular immune system. This last mechanism is relevant to the reported neurological and psychiatric adverse effects of vaccination in certain individuals. It is also appropriate to consider the infectious component of stealth adapted virus infections since family members and others may be at risk for becoming infected.

Keywords

Stealth Adapted Viruses, Cytomegalovirus, African Green Monkey Simian Cytomegalovirus, SCMV, Encephalopathy, Polio Vaccine, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Autism, Schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s Disease, Delusion, Schizovirus

Share and Cite:

Martin, W. (2015) Stealth Adapted Viruses: A Bridge between Molecular Virology and Clinical Psychiatry. Open Journal of Psychiatry, 5, 311-319. doi: 10.4236/ojpsych.2015.54035.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th Edition (DSM-5), Amer Psychiatric Pub Inc., Arlington.
[2]	Noshpitz, J.D. and Coddington, R.D. (1990) Stressors and the Adjustment Disorders. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
[3]	Tselis, A. and Booss, J. (2003) Behavioral Consequences of Infections of the Central Nervous System: With Emphasis on Viral Infections. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 31, 289-298.
[4]	Ances, B.M. and Ellis R.J. (2007) Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders Due to HIV-1 Infection. Seminars in Neurology, 27, 86-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-956759
[5]	Torrey, E.F. (1988) Stalking the Schizovirus. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 14, 223-229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/14.2.223
[6]	Tyler, K.L. (2004) Herpes Simplex Virus Infections of the Central Nervous System: Encephalitis and Meningitis, including Mollaret’s. Herpes, 11, Suppl. 2, 57A-64A.
[7]	Rhoades, R.E., Tabor-Godwin, J.M., Tsueng, G. and Feuer, R. (2011) Enterovirus Infections of the Central Nervous System. Virology, 411, 288-305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2010.12.014
[8]	White, D.O. and Fenner, F.J. (1994) Medical Virology. 4th Edition, Academic Press, San Diego.
[9]	Carrasco, L. (1987) Mechanisms of Viral Toxicity in Animal Cells. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
[10]	de la Torre, J.C., Borrow, P. and Oldstone, M.B. (1991) Viral Persistence and Disease: Cytopathology in the Absence of Cytolysis. British Medical Bulletin, 47, 838-851.
[11]	Zinkernagel, R.M. (1997) Immunology and Immunity Studied with Viruses. Ciba Foundation Symposium, 204, 105-125.
[12]	Martin, W.J. (1994) Stealth Viruses as Neuropathogens. College of American Pathologist’s Publication. CAP Today, 8, 67-70.
[13]	Martin, W.J. (1999) Stealth Adaptation of an African Green Monkey Simian Cytomegalovirus. Experimental and Molecular Pathology, 66, 3-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exmp.1999.2248
[14]	Burnet, F.M. (1959) The Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity. Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.8281
[15]	Wills, M.R., Carmichael, A.J., Mynard, K., Jin, X., Weekes, M.P., et al. (1996) The Human Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte (CTL) Response to Cytomegalovirus Is Dominated by Structural Protein pp65: Frequency, Specificity, and T-Cell Receptor Usage of pp65-Specific CTL. Journal of Virology, 70, 7569-7579.
[16]	Martin, W.J. (1996) Genetic Instability and Fragmentation of a Stealth Viral Genome. Pathobiology, 64, 9-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000164000
[17]	Martin, W.J., Zeng, L.C., Ahmed, K. and Roy, M. (1994) Cytomegalovirus-Related Sequences in an Atypical Cytopathic Virus Repeatedly Isolated from a Patient with the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. American Journal of Pathology, 145, 441-452.
[18]	Martin, W.J. (1996) Severe Stealth Virus Encephalopathy Following Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-Like Illness: Clinical and Histopathological Features. Pathobiology, 64, 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000163999
[19]	Martin, W.J. (1996) Stealth Viral Encephalopathy: Report of a Fatal Case Complicated by Cerebral Vasculitis. Pathobiology, 64, 59-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000164009
[20]	Martin, W.J. (1996) Simian Cytomegalovirus-Related Stealth Virus Isolated from the Cerebrospinal Fluid of a Patient with Bipolar Psychosis and Acute Encephalopathy. Pathobiology, 64, 64-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000164010
[21]	Martin, W.J. and Anderson, D. (1997) Stealth Virus Epidemic in the Mohave Valley. Initial Report of Viral Isolation. Pathobiology, 65, 51-56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000164103
[22]	Martin, W.J. and Anderson, D. (1999) Stealth Virus Epidemic in the Mohave Valley: Severe Vacuolating Encephalopathy in a Child Presenting with a Behavioral Disorder. Experimental and Molecular Pathology, 66, 19-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exmp.1999.2237
[23]	Martin, W.J. and Glass, R.T. (1995) Acute Encephalopathy Induced in Cats with a Stealth Virus Isolated from a Patient with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Pathobiology, 63, 115-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000163942
[24]	Ljubojevic, S., Lipozencic, J. and Pustisek, N. (2004) Erythromelalgia. Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica, 12, 99-105.
[25]	Martin, W.J. (1999) Bacteria Related Sequences in a Simian Cytomegalovirus-Derived Stealth Virus Culture. Experimental and Molecular Pathology, 66, 8-14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/exmp.1999.2239
[26]	Martin, W.J. (2005) Alternative Cellular Energy Pigments Mistaken for Parasitic Skin Infestations. Experimental and Molecular Pathology, 78, 212-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2005.01.007
[27]	Hansson, E., Svensson, H. and Brorson, H. (2012) Review of Dercum’s Disease and Proposal of Diagnostic Criteria, Diagnostic Methods, Classification and Management. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 7, 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-7-23
[28]	Ramanathan, S., Mohammad, S.S., Brilot, F. and Dale, R.C. (2014) Autoimmune Encephalitis: Recent Updates and Emerging Challenges. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 21, 722-730.
[29]	Durie, B.G., Collins, R.A. and Martin, W.J. (2000) Positive Stealth Virus Cultures in Myeloma Patients: A Possible Explanation for Neuropsychiatric Co-Morbidity. Blood, 96, 29.
[30]	Gollard, R.P., Mayr, A., Rice, D.A. and Martin, W.J. (1996) Herpesvirus-Related Sequences in Salivary Gland Tumors. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research, 15, 1-4.
[31]	Joseph, S.A., Béliveau, C. and Gyorkos, T.W. (2006) Cytomegalovirus as an Occupational Risk in Daycare Educators. Paediatrics & Child Health, 11, 401-407.