The Effect of Audio Visual Entrainment on Pre-Attentive Dysfunctional Processing to Stressful Events in Anxious Individuals

Abstract

Experimental single case studies on automatic processing of emotion were carried on a sample of people with an anxiety disorder. Participants were required to take three Audio Visual Entrainment (AVE) sessions to test for anxiety reduction as proclaimed by some academic research. Explicit reports were measured as well as pre-attentive bias to stressing information by using affective priming studies before and after AVE intervention. Group analysis shows that indeed AVEs program applications do reduce anxiety producing significant changes over explicit reports on anxiety levels and automatic processing bias of emotion. However, case by case analysis of six anxious participants shows that even when all of the participants report emotional improvement after intervention, not all of them reduce or eliminate dysfunctional bias to stressing information. Rather, they show a variety of processing styles due to intervention and some of them show no change at all. Implications of this differential effect to clinical sets are discussed.

Share and Cite:

Treviño, G. , Ramírez, E. , Martínez, G. , Campos, C. and Ibarra, M. (2014) The Effect of Audio Visual Entrainment on Pre-Attentive Dysfunctional Processing to Stressful Events in Anxious Individuals. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 3, 364-372. doi: 10.4236/ojmp.2014.35038.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] Kessler, R.C., Gruber, M., Hettema, J.M., Hwang, I., Sampson, N. and Yonkers, K.A. (2008) Co-Morbid Major Depression and Generalized Anxiety Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Follow Up. Psychological Medicine, 38, 365-374.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707002012
[2] Parker, G. (2002) Dealing with Depression: A Commonsense Guide to Mood Disorders. Allen & Unwin, Crows Nest.
[3] Williams, J.M.G., Watts, F.N., MacLeod, C. and Mathews, A. (1997) Cognitive Psychology and Emotional Disorders. 2nd Edition, Wiley, Chichester.
[4] Power, M.J. and Dalgleish, T. (2008) Cognition and Emotion: From Order to Disorder. 2nd Edition, Psychology Press, New York.
[5] Matthews, G. and Wells, A. (2000) Attention, Automaticity, and Affective Disorder. Behavior Modification, 24, 69-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145445500241004
[6] Mathews, A. and Milroy, R. (1994) Processing of Emotional Meaning in Anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 8, 535-553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699939408408958
[7] Matthews, G. and Wells, A. (2000) The Cognitive Science of Attention and Emotion. In: Dalgleish, T. and Power, M., Eds., Handbook of Cognition and Emotion, Wiley, Nueva York, 171-190.
[8] Power, M.J. and Dalgleish, T. (1998) Cognition in the Context of Emotion: The Case of Depression. In: Quelhas, A.C. and Pereira, F., Eds., Cognition and Context, Instituto Superior de Psicología Aplicada, Lisboa, 381-413.
[9] Dalgleish, T., Taghavi, R., Doost, H.N., Moradi, A., Yule, W. and Canterbury, R. (1997) Information Processing in Clinically Depressed and Anxious Children. Journal of Child Psychology, Psychiatry, 38, 535-541.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01540.x
[10] Siegle, G.J. (1999) Cognitive and Physiological Aspects of Attention to Personally Relevant Negative Information in Depression. Doctoral Thesis, San Diego State University, San Diego.
[11] Siegle, G.J. (2001) A Neural Network Model of Attentional Biases in Depression. In: Reggia, J. and Ruppin, E., Eds., Disorders of Brain, Behavior and Cognition: The Neurocomputational Perspective, Elsevier, Amsterdan, 415-441.
[12] Sudak, D.M. (2006) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Clinicians: Psychotherapy in Clinical Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
[13] Wond, F.W. and Dryden, W. (2002) Handbook of Brief Cognitive Therapy. John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex.
[14] Hedlefs, A.M.I., Lopez, R.E.O. and Antona, C.C.J. (2010) Social Anxiety Assessment through Self Report and Automatic Processing of Emotional Information. In: García, C.H., Ed., Hispanic Psychology Yearbook, Nova Science Pub Inc., Hauppauge, 167-176.
[15] Siever, D. (2007) Audio-Visual Entrainment: History, Physiology and Clinical Studies. In: Evans, J.R., Ed., Handbook of Neurofeedback: Dynamics and Clinical Applications, The Haworth Medical Press, New York, 155-183.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b14658-11
[16] Siever, D. (2012) Audio-Visual Entrainment: Finding a Treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Self-Published Paper. www.mindalive.com
[17] Oster, G. (1973) Auditory Beats in the Brain. Scientific American, 229, 94-102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1073-94
[18] Donker, D., Njio, L., Van Leewan, W.S. and Wieneke, G. (1978) Interhemispheric Relationships of Responses to Sine Wave Modulated Light in Normal Subjects and Patients. Encephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 44, 479-489.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(78)90032-9
[19] Siever, D. (2003) Audio-Visual Entrainment: History and Physiological Mechanisms. Biofeedback, 31, 21-27.
[20] Berg, K. and Siever, D. (2009) A Controlled Comparison of Audio-Visual Entrainment for Treating Seasonal Affective Disorder. Journal of Neurotherapy, 13, 166-175.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10874200903107314
[21] Padmanabham, R., Hildreth, A.J. and Laws, D. (2005) A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Study Examining Binaural Beat Audio and Pre-Operative Anxiety in Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia for Day Case Surgery. Anaesthesia, 60, 874-877.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2005.04287.x
[22] Siever, D. (2003) Audio-Visual Entrainment: Dental Studies. Biofeedback, 31, 29-31.
[23] Leonard, K., Telch, M. and Harrington, P. (2000) Fear Response to Dissociation Challenge. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 13, 355-369.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615800008248341
[24] Raymond, J., Varney, C., Parkinson, L.A. and Gruzelier, J.H. (2005) The Effects of Alpha/Theta Neurofeedback on Personality and Mood. Cognitive Brain Research, 23, 287-293.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.10.023
[25] Shealy, N., Cady, R., Cox, R., Liss, S., Clossen, W. and Veehoff, D. (1989) A Comparison of Depths of Relaxation Produced by Various Techniques and Neurotransmitters Produced by Brainwave Entrainment. Shealy and Forest Institute of Professional Psychology, A Study Done for Comprehensive Health Care, Unpublished.
[26] Tobal, J.J.M. and Vindel, A.C. (1986) Inventario de situaciones y respuestas de ansiedad I.S.R.A. TEA, Madrid.
[27] Tobal, J.J.M. and Vindel, A.C. (1988) Inventario de situaciones y repuestas de ansiedad. 2da Edición revisada con la inclusión de rasgos específicos, TEA, Madrid.
[28] Fazio, R.H. (2001) On the Automatic Activation of Associated Evaluations: An Overview. Cognition and Emotion, 75, 115-141.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699930125908
[29] Klauer, K.C. and Musch, J. (2003) An Affective Priming: Findings and Theories. In: Musch, J. and Klauer, K., Eds., The Psychology of Evaluation: Affective Processes in Cognition and Emotion, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Mahwah, 7-50.
[30] Cvetkovic, D., Simpson, D. and Cosic, I. (2006) Influence of Sinusoidally Modulated Visual Stimuli at Extremely Low Frequency Range on the Human EEG Activity. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, New York, 31 August-3 September 2006, 213-216.
[31] Kazdin, A. (1982) Single-Case Research Designs. Oxford University Press, New York.
[32] Anderson, N. (2001) Empirical Direction in Design and Analysis: Scientific Psychology Series. LEA, Mahwah.

Copyright © 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.