Use of Neutron Activation Analysis and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Trace Elements in Pediatric and Young Adult Prostate

Abstract

The questions about the androgen control and the involvement of trace elements in prostatic reproductive function still remain unanswered. One valuable way to elucidate the situation is to compare the values for the prostatic mass fractions of trace elements in pre-and post-pubertal boys. The effect of age on the mass fraction of 54 trace elements in intact prostate of 50 apparently healthy 0-30 years old males was investigated by neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) for mass fraction (milligram per kilogram, on dry-weight basis) of trace elements were: Ag 0.062 ± 0.008, Al 80 ± 18, Au 0.0092 ± 0.0024, B 5.9 ± 3.5, Be 0.0034 ± 0.0009, Bi 0.018 ± 0.010, Br 26 ± 3, Cd 0.26 ± 0.05, Ce 0.049 ± 0.012, Co 0.035 ± 0.004, Cr 0.49 ± 0.07, Cs 0.036 ± 0.005, Dy 0.0072 ± 0.0018, Er 0.0040 ± 0.0011, Fe 100 ± 10, Gd 0.0065 ± 0.0018, Hg 0.031 ± 0.004, Ho 0.0013 ± 0.0004, La 0.034 ± 0.007, Li 0.064 ± 0.009, Mn 1.69 ± 0.15, Mo 0.54 ± 0.13, Nb 0.013 ± 0.004, Nd 0.025 ± 0.006, Ni 4.1 ± 0.6, Pb 1.3 ± 0.2, Pr 0.0058 ± 0.0015, Rb 14.5 ± 0.8, Sb 0.051 ± 0.006, Sc 0.013 ± 0.002, Se 0.54 ± 0.03, Sm 0.0055 ± 0.0015, Sn 0.22 ± 0.05, Tb 0.0012 ± 0.0004, Th 0.0076 ± 0.0020, Ti 2.8 ± 0.5, Tl 0.0032 ± 0.0009, Tm 0.00064 ± 0.00017, U 0.0025 ± 0.0004, Y 0.036 ± 0.010, Yb 0.0037 ± 0.0012, Zn 281 ± 32, and Zr 0.16 ± 0.04. The upper limit of mean mass fraction of As, Eu, Ga, Hf, Ir, Lu, Pd, Pt, Re, and Ta were: As ≤ 0.069, Eu ≤ 0.0012, Ga ≤ 0.071, Hf ≤ 0.049, Ir ≤ 0.00054, Lu ≤ 0.00063, Pd ≤ 0.014, Pt ≤ 0.0029, Re ≤ 0.0048, and Ta ≤ 0.010. This work revealed that there is a significant tendency for the mass fractions of Cd, Se and Zn in the prostate tissue of healthy individuals to increase with age from the time of birth up to 30 years. It was also shown that high levels of Al, Au, B, Br, Cr, Ga, Li, and Ni mass fraction in prostate tissue do not indicate a direct involvement of these elements in the reproductive function of prostate.

 

Share and Cite:

V. Zaichick and S. Zaichick, "Use of Neutron Activation Analysis and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Trace Elements in Pediatric and Young Adult Prostate," American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 4 No. 12, 2013, pp. 696-706. doi: 10.4236/ajac.2013.412084.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] S. Zaichick, V. Zaichick, S. Nosenko and I. Moskvina, “Mass Fractions of 52 Trace Elements and Zinc Trace Element Content Ratios in Intact Human Prostates Investigated by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry,” Biological Trace Element Research, Vol. 149, No. 2, 2012, pp. 171-183.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-012-9427-4
[2] E. Hienzsch, H.-J. Schneider and M. Anke, “Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Mengenund Spurenelementgehalt der Normalen Prostata, des Prostataadenoms und des Prostatakarzinoms,” Zeitschrift für Urologie und Nephrologie, Vol. 63, No. 7, 1970, pp. 543-546.
[3] K. M. Leissner, B. Fielkegard and L.-E. Tisell, “Concentration and Content of Zinc in Human Prostate,” Investigative Urology, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1980, pp. 32-35.
[4] V. Zaichick, “INAA and EDXRF Applications in the Age Dynamics Assessment of Zn Content and Distribution in the Normal Human Prostate,” Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 262, No. 1, 2004, pp. 229-234.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JRNC.0000040879.45030.4f
[5] S. Zaichick and V. Zaichick, “Relations of Morphometric Parameters to Zinc Content in Paediatric and Nonhyperplastic Young Adult Prostate Glands,” Andrology, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2013, pp. 139-146.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-2927.2012.00005.x
[6] S. Zaichick and V. Zaichick, “INAA Application in the Age Dynamics Assessment of Br, Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Mn, and Na Content in the Normal Human Prostate,” Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Vol. 288, No. 1, 2011, pp. 197-202.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-010-0927-4
[7] S. Zaichick and V. Zaichick, “The Effect of Age on Ag, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, Sb, Sc, Se, and Zn Contents in Intact Human Prostate Investigated by Neutron Activation Analysis,” Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Vol. 69, No. 6, 2011, pp. 827-833.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.02.010
[8] V. Zaichick, S, Nosenko and I. Moskvina, “The Effect of Age on 12 Chemical Element Contents in Intact Prostate of Adult Men Investigated by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry,” Biological Trace Element Research, Vol. 147, No. 1, 2012, pp. 49-58.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-011-9294-4
[9] L.-E. Tisell, B. Fjelkegard and K. H. Leissner, “Zinc Concentration and Content of the Dorsal, Lateral and Medial Prostatic Lobes and of Periurethral Adenomas in Man,” Journal of Urology, Vol. 128, No. 2, 1982, pp. 403-405.
[10] A. Feustel and R. Wennrich, “Zinc and Cadmium in Cell Fractions of Prostatic Cancer Tissue of Different Histological Grading in Comparison to BPH and Normal Prostate,” Urological Research, Vol. 12, No. 2, 1984, pp. 147-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257182
[11] B. E. Saltzman, S. B. Gross, D. W. Yeager, B. G. Meiners and P. S. Gartside, “Total Body Burdens and Tissue Concentrations of Lead, Cadmium, Copper, Zinc, and Ash in 55 Human Cadavers,” Environmental Research, Vol. 52, No. 2, 1990, pp. 126-145.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0013-9351(05)80248-8
[12] L. Picurelli, P. V. Olcina, M. D. Roig and J. Ferrer, “Determination of Fe, Mg, Cu, and Zn in Normal and Pathological Prostatic Tissue,” Actas Urologicas Espaolas, Vol. 15, No. 4, 1991, pp. 344-350.
[13] L. Picurelli, P. V. Olcina, M. D. Roig, S. Günthner and J. Ferrer, “Determination and Relationship of the Copper and Zinc Concentrations in Normal and Pathologic Prostatic Tissue,” Trace Elements in Medicine, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1991, pp. 131-137.
[14] N. B. Oldereid, Y. Thomassen, A. Attramadal, B. Olaisen and K. Purvis, “Concentrations of Lead, Cadmium and Zinc in the Tissues of Reproductive Organs of Men,” Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Vol. 99, No. 2, 1993, pp. 421-425.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0990421
[15] J. Schpfer, G. Drasch and G. N. Schrauzer, “Selenium and Cadmium Levels and Ratios in Prostates, Livers, and Kidneys of Nonsmokers and Smokers,” Biological Trace Element Research, Vol. 134, No. 2, 2010, pp. 180-187.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12011-010-8636-y
[16] V. Zaichick, “Sampling, Sample Storage and Preparation of Biomaterials for INAA in Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Health,” In: Harmonization of health-Related Environmental Measurements Using Nuclear and Isotopic Techniques, IAEA, Vienna, 1997, pp. 123-133.
[17] V. Zaichick, “Losses of Chemical Elements in Biological Samples under the Dry Ashing Process,” Trace Elements in Medicine (Moscow), Vol. 5, No. 3, 2004, pp. 17-22.
[18] A. M. Korelo and V. Zaichick, “Software to Optimize the Multielement INAA of Medical and Environmental Samples,” In: Activation Analysis in Environment Protection, Join Institute of Nuclear Research, Dubna, 1993, pp. 326-332.
[19] I. H. Tipton and M. J. Cook, “Trace Elements in Human Tissue. Part II. Adult Subjects from the United States,” Health Physics, Vol. 9, No. 2, 1963, pp. 103-145.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-196302000-00002
[20] J. H. Tipton, R. L. Steiner, W. D. Foland, J. Mueller and M. Stanley, USAEC-ORNL-Report-CF-54-12-66, 1954.
[21] S. R. Stitch, “Trace Elements in Human Tissue. I. A Semi-Quantitative Spectrographic Survey,” Biochemical Journal, Vol. 67, No. 1, 1957, pp. 97-103.
[22] K. Liebscher and H. Smith, “Essential and Nonessential Trace Elements. A Method of Determining Whether an Element Is Essential or Nonessential in Human Tissue,” Archives of Environmental Health, Vol. 17, No. 6, 1968, pp. 882-891.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00039896.1968.10665346
[23] H. Kubo, S. Hashimoto, A. Ishibashi, R. Chiba and H. Yokota, “Simultaneous Determinations of Fe, Cu, Zn, and Br Concentrations in Human Tissue Sections,” Medical Physics, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1976, pp. 204-209.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.594233
[24] A. Forssen, “Inorganic Elements in the Human Body. I. Occurrence of Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Cs, Cu, K, Mn, Ni, Sn, Sr, Y and Zn in the Human Body,” Annales Medicinae Experimentalis et Biologie (Finland), Vol. 50, No. 3, 1972, pp. 99-162.
[25] J. O. Ogunlewe and D. N. Osegbe, “Zinc and Cadmium Concentrations in Indigenous Blacks with Normal, Hypertrophic, and Malignant Prostate,” Cancer, Vol. 63, No. 7, 1989, pp. 1388-1392.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19890401)63:7<1388::AID-CNCR2820630725>3.0.CO;2-M
[26] N. Yamagata, “The Concentration of Common Cesium and Rubidium in Human Body,” Journal of Radiation Research, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1962, pp. 9-30.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1269/jrr.3.9
[27] H. Sangen, “The Influence of the Trace Metals upon the Aconitase Activity in Human Prostate Glands,” Japanese Journal of Urology, Vol. 58, No. 11, 1967, pp. 1146-1159.
[28] A. Jafa, N. M. Mahendra, A. R. Chowdhury and V. P. Kamboj, “Trace Elements in Prostatic Tissue and Plasma in Prostatic Diseases of Man,” Indian Journal of Cancer, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1980, pp. 34-37.
[29] S. D. Soman, K. T. Joseph, S. J. Raut, G. D. Mulay, M. Parameswaran and V. K. Pandey, “Studies of Major and Trace Element Content in Human Tissues,” Health Physics, Vol. 19, No. 5, 1970, pp. 641-656.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-197011000-00006
[30] H. J. Koch and E. R. Smith, “The Determination of Copper and Zinc in Normal and Pathologic Human Thyroid Tissue,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology, Vol. 16, No. 1, 1956, pp. 123-129.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-16-1-123
[31] A. G. Sarafanov, T. I. Todorov, A. Kajdacsy-Balla, M. A. Gray, V. Macias and J. A. Centeno, “Analysis of Iron, Zinc, Selenium and Cadmium in Paraffin-Embedded Prostate Tissue Specimens Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass-Spectrometry,” Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, Vol. 22, No. 4, 2008, pp. 305-314.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2008.03.010
[32] E. Weinig and P. Zink, “über die Quantitative Massenspektrometrische Bestimmung des Normalen Thallium-Geehalts Inmenschlichen Organismus,” Archive für Toxikologie, Vol. 22, No. 4, 1967, pp. 255-274.
[33] B. Hffken and J. G. Rausch-Stroomann, “A Study of the Metabolism of Zinc Its Metalloenzymes in Diabetes Mellitus,” Zeitschrift für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Biochemie, Vol. 7, No. 1, 1969, pp. 4-7.
[34] L. R. Anspaugh, W. L. Robinson, W. H. Martin and O. A. Lowe, “Compilation of Published Information on Elemental Concentrations in Human Organs in Both Normal and Diseased States,” No. UCRL-51013Pt. 1971-1973. 1973, pp.1-4.
[35] F. Gyrkey, K.-W. Min, J. A. Huff and P. Gyrkey, “Zinc and Magnesium in Human Prostate Gland: Normal, Hyperplastic, and Neoplastic,” Cancer Research, Vol. 27, No. 8, 1967, pp. 1349-1353.
[36] G. V. Iyengar, “Reevaluation of the Trace Element Content in Reference Men,” Radiation Physics and Chemistry, Vol. 51, No. 4-6, 1998, pp. 545-560.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0969-806X(97)00202-8
[37] G. V. Iyengar, W. E. Kollmer and H. G. M. Bowen, “The Elemental Composition of Human Tissues and Body Fluids. A Compilation of Values for Adults,” Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1978.

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.