[1]
|
B. Drew, “Targets for Rearing Dairy Heifers—Weaning to Calving,” In Practice, Vol. 20, No. 1, 1998, pp. 35-39.
doi:10.1136/inpract.20.1.35
|
[2]
|
J. S. Chang’a, O. Reksen, T. Loken and R. H Mdegela, “Calf Health and Growth in Smallholder Dairy Farms in Tanzania,” Livestock Research for Rural Development Vol. 23, No. 156, 2011, p. 8.
http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd23/7/chan23156.htm
|
[3]
|
L. Doeppel, R. Corbett and M. Schoonderwoerd, “Milk Replacers,” In: B. P. Smith, Ed., Large Animal Internal Medicine, Mosby, St. Louis, Missouri, 1996.
|
[4]
|
C. L. Davis and J. K. Drackley, “The Development, Nutrition and Management of the Young Calf,” 1st Edition, Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1998.
|
[5]
|
P. C. Hoffman and D. A. Funk, “Applied Dynamics of Dairy Replacement Growth and Management,” Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 75, No. 9, 1992, pp. 2504-2516.
doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78012-6
|
[6]
|
Y. N. Msanga and M. J. Bryant, “Productivity of Crossbred Dairy Cows Suckling Their Calves for 12 or 24 Weeks Post Calving,” Tropical Animal Health and Production, Vol. 36, No. 8, 2004, pp. 763-773.
doi:10.1023/B:TROP.0000045961.40291.84
|
[7]
|
A. G. Sidibe-Anago, G. A. Ouedraogo and I. Ledin, “Effect of Suckling Period on Calf Growth and Milk Yield of Zebu Cows,” Tropical Animal Health and Production, Vol. 40, No. 7, 2008, pp. 491-499.
doi:10.1007/s11250-007-9125-y
|
[8]
|
M. A. Thrall, “Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry,” 2nd Edition, Blackwell Publishing, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2006.
|
[9]
|
J. W. Spears, “Trace Minerals in Ruminant Nutrition,” Animal Feed Science Technology, Vol. 58, 1996, pp. 115-163. doi:10.1016/0377-8401(95)00881-0
|
[10]
|
E. J. Underwood, “The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock,” Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, London, 1981.
|
[11]
|
L. R. McDowell, “Minerals in Animal and Human Nutrition,” Academic Press, San Diego, 1992.
|
[12]
|
J. G. Cunningham and G. K. Brabley, “Textbook of Veterinary Physiology,” 4th Edition, Saunders, 2007.
|
[13]
|
R. M. Blome, J. K. Drackley, K. F. McKeith, M. F. Hutjens and G. C. McCoy, “Growth, Nutrient Utilization, and Body Composition of Dairy Calves Fed Milk Replacers Containing Different Amounts of Protein,” Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 81, 2003, pp. 1641-1655.
http://jas.fass.org/content/81/6/1641.full.pdf
|
[14]
|
S. M. Das, H. Wiktorsson and M. Forsberg, “Effects of Calf Management and Level of Feed Supplementation on Milk Yield and Calf Growth of Zebu and Crossbred Cattle in the Semi Arid Tropics,” Livestock Production Science, Vol. 59, No. 1, 1999, pp. 67-75.
doi:10.1016/S0301-6226(98)00206-1
|
[15]
|
J. S. Chang’a, R. H. Mdegela, R. Ryoba, T. Loken and O. Reksen, “Calf Health and Management in Smallholder Dairy Farms in Tanzania,” Tropical Animal Health and Production, Vol. 42, No. 8, 2010, pp. 1669-1676.
doi:10.1007/s11250-010-9619-x
|
[16]
|
F. J. Baker and R. E. Silverton, “Introduction to Medical Laboratory Technology,” Botteworths, London, 1976, p. 73.
|
[17]
|
A. J. Heinrichs and O. M. Radostits, “Health and Production Management of Dairy Calves and Replacement Heifers,” In: O. M. Radostits, Ed., Herd Health, Food Animal Production Medicine, 3rd Edition, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 2001, pp. 333-395.
|
[18]
|
D. E. Otterby and J. G. Linn, “Advances in Nutrition and Management of Calves and Heifers,” Journal of Dairy Science, Vol. 64, 1981, pp. 1365-1377.
doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(81)82709-9
|
[19]
|
G. Y. Berhane, “The Study of Performance of Dairy Calves Fed Soybean and Fish Meal Based Calf Starter Ration and Weaned at Different Ages,” Tanzania Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. 1, 1998, pp. 42-49.
|
[20]
|
M. C. Sharma and R. R. Mishra, “Livestock Health and Management,” Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 1987.
|
[21]
|
P. N. De Leeuw, S. Bekure and B. E. Grandin, “Aspects of livestock productivity in Maasai group ranches in Kenya,” ILCA Bulletin Vol. 19, 1984, pp. 17-20.
|
[22]
|
S. Bekure, P. N. de Leeuw, G. E. Grandin and P. J. H. Neate, “Maasai Herding: An Analysis of the Livestock Production System of Maasai Pastoralists in Eastern Kajiado District, Kenya,” ILCA Systems Study 4, ILCA (International Livestock Centre for Africa), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1991, p. 72.
|
[23]
|
D. L. Coppock, “The Borana Plateau of Southern Ethiopia: synthesis of pastoral research, development and change,” 1980-91, ILCA Systems Study, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 1994, pp. 1-393.
|
[24]
|
J. W. Thomas, M. Okamoto, W. C. Jacobson and L. A. Moore, “A Study of Hemoglobin Levels in the Blood of Young Dairy Calves and the Alleviation of Anemia by Iron,” American Dairy Science Association, Vol. 91, 1994, pp. 330-332.
|
[25]
|
D. J. Mtui, L. S. B. Mellau, F. P. Lekule, M. N. Shem, M. Hayashida and T. Fujihara, “Seasonal Influence on Mineral Concentrations in Dairy Cows’ Blood and Feed Resources Collected from Morogoro, Tanzania,” Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, Vol. 3-4, No. 5, 2007, pp. 274-280.
|
[26]
|
E. J. Underwood and N. F. Suttle, “The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock,” 3rd Edition, CABI Publishing, Oxon, 1999.
doi:10.1079/9780851991283.0000
|
[27]
|
NRC (National Research Council), “Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals,” 7th Edition, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 2001.
|
[28]
|
E. Mtengeti, E. Phiri, D. G. Urio, Z. Mhando, R. Mvena, R. Ryoba, R. Mdegela, M. Singh, T. Wetlesen, T. L?ken and O. Reksen, “Forage Availability and Its Quality in the Dry Season on Smallholder Dairy Farms in Tanzania,” Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Vol. 58, No. 4, 2008, pp. 196-204. doi:10.1080/09064700802492362
|
[29]
|
L. A. Mtenga, R. P. Mbwile, A. E. Pereka, G. H. Laswai and R. T. Chibunda, “A Report on Inventory of Livestock Husbandry Practices in Selected Villages in Njombe District,” Tanzania Agricultural Research Phase II, Sokoine University of Agriculture (TARP II-SUA) Project, Tanzania, 2001, p. 42.
|
[30]
|
H. L. N. Lyimo, L. A. Mtenga, A. E. Kimambo, T. Hveplund, G. H. Laswai and M. R. Weisbjerg, “A Survey on Calf Feeding Systems, Problems and Improvement Options Available for the Smallholder Dairy Farmers of Turiani in Tanzania,” Livestock Research for Rural Development, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2004, p. 23.
|
[31]
|
H. Harricharan, J. Morris and C. Devers, “Mineral Content of Some Tropical Forage Legumes,” Tropical Agriculture, Vol. 65, No. 2, 1998, pp. 132-136.
|
[32]
|
A. E. Pereka and E. C. Phiri, “Mineral Content in Soils and Pastures Grasses at ASAS Farm, Iringa, Tanzania,” Tanzania Veterinary Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1998, pp. 101-109.
|
[33]
|
C. D. K. Rubanza, M. N. Shem, S. S. Bakengesa, T. Ichinohe and T. Fujihara, “Content of Macro and Micro Minerals of Deferred Forages in Silvo-Pastoral Traditional Fodder Banks (Ngitiri) of Meatu District of Central North-Western Tanzania,” Livestock Research for Rural Development, Vol. 17, No. 141, 2005, p. 9.
|
[34]
|
B. M. Msanya, A. K. Kaaya, S. Araki, H. Otsuka and G. I. Nyadzi, “Pedological Characteristics, General Fertility and Classification of Some Benchmark Soils of Morogoro District Tanzania,” African Journal of Science and Technology Science and Engineering Series, Vol. 2, No. 4, 2003, pp. 101-112.
|
[35]
|
R. P. Mbwile, “Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana kunth)— Effects of Age and Season on Growth, Chemical Composition and Digestibility and on Selective Intake by Dairy Cows,” Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agriculture Science, Uppsala, Sweden, Report 200, 1990, p. 100.
|